Chapter 54

Question 1

What are foundational species?

Answer 1

Species that are large and abundant (EG coral reefs) that provide food and shelter

Question 2

What are keystone species?

Answer 2

Species that aren’t abundant, but important.

Question 3

What are the 3 main types of interactions?

Answer 3

Competition, exploitation, positive

Question 4

How does competition work for organisms?

Answer 4

-/-

Question 5

How does exploitation work for organisms?

Answer 5

+/-

Question 6

How do positive interactions work for organisms?

Answer 6

+/+ or +/0

Question 7

What are some examples of disturbances? What do they do?

Answer 7

Heatwaves, storms. Can remove orgaisms/alter resource availability

Question 8

What does competition usually target?

Answer 8

Limited resources

Question 9

What is competitive exclusion?

Answer 9

The idea that 2 species competing for the same limited resource can’t coexist permanently in the same place.

Question 10

What is an ecologica niche?

Answer 10

The exact role an organism plays in its environment/how it fits into the ecosystem

Question 11

What is a community?

Answer 11

Group of species living together

Question 12

What are community structures?

Answer 12

How species interact and their abundance

Question 13

What is resource partitioning?

Answer 13

Division of resources by different species

Question 14

What does resource partitioning come from?

Answer 14

Adaptations and natural selection from evolution

Question 15

What are fundamental and realized niches?

Answer 15

Role that a species can play vs role it’s currently playing (EG total capacity for habitat range vs current habitat, could be limited by other species)

Question 16

What is character displacement?

Answer 16

Something that varies slightly among similar species that causes different use of resouces (EG beak depth)

Question 17

How can character displacement drive evolution?

Answer 17

Different organisms are better or worse adapted to different resource harvesting

Question 18

What are some examples of exploitation?

Answer 18

Predation, herbivory, parisitism

Question 19

What are some defensive adaptations?

Answer 19

Warning coloration, camouflage, mimicry

Question 20

What is batesian mimicry?

Answer 20

Mimicking dangerous species

Question 21

What is mullerian mimicry?

Answer 21

Mimicking species that don’t taste good

Question 22

What are some suptypes of positive interactions?

Answer 22

Obligatory, commensalism

Question 23

What are obligatory interactions?

Answer 23

Required for 1/both to live (EG micorbiome, pollinators, coral reefs)

Question 24

What is commensalism?

Answer 24

Good for one, neutral for another. EG cattle egrets following cattle and eating insects they stir up

Question 25

How do species relate to biodiversity?

Answer 25

Some species drive biodiversity on their own without any obvious reason

Question 26

How can you measure species diversity?

Answer 26

Relative abundance, species richness

Question 27

What is relative abundance?

Answer 27

Distribution of species

Question 28

What is species richness?

Answer 28

Number of species

Question 29

What is greater diversity linked to?

Answer 29

Higher productivity, higher resistance to disturbance

Question 30

What is the shannon diversity index? How is it interpreted?

Answer 30

A value measuring the diversity of a community- Higher value=more diverse

Question 31

What is a trophic structure?

Answer 31

Who eats who- general term (ACTUALLY ADD MORE DETAIL OR ELSE. DO IT.)

Question 32

What are the levels in a trophic structure?

Answer 32

Quaternary consumer Tertiary consumer Secondary consumer Primary consumer Primary producer

Question 33

What is a food web?

Answer 33

Who eats who (whole community)

Question 34

How is a food web distinct from trophic structures?

Answer 34

Food web names names and is like a lot of connected trophic structures

Question 35

What is the energetic hypothesis?

Answer 35

The idea that food chains are limited by the amount of energy that can be transferred by an organism

Question 36

What happens if a trophic structure is impacted from the bottom up?

Answer 36

Species above it are impacted (EG if primary production is impacted) (EDIT FOR CLARITY)

Question 37

What happens if a trophic structure is impacted from the top down?

Answer 37

No predation, lower levels unchecked and grow

Question 38

Are most communities in equilibrium?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Answer 39

Intermediate disturbance causes greater species diversity than just high or low levels

Question 40

What are some biogeographic factors that help determine species diversity?

Answer 40

Latitude (Tropics usually have > species) and area (Large areas usually have > species)

Question 41

How is species richness correlated with evapotranspiraton?

Answer 41

More evapotranspiration=more species richness

Question 42

What is evapotranspiration?

Answer 42

A function of solar radiation, temperature, and water availability

Question 43

What is the island equilibrium model?

Answer 43

A model showing how number of species on an island is correlated to island size and distance from mainland (big islands close to mainland have more) (EDIT TO BE EXTRA SURE)

Question 44

How are smaller populations linked to survival rate?

Answer 44

Smaller populations may not be big enough to survive