Chapter 52

Question 1

What are the seasons caused by?

Answer 1

Earth’s revolution

Question 2

How does the earth’s tilt relate to temperature?

Answer 2

The earth’s tilt is constant, which means different hemispheres experience different temperatures

Question 3

How do oceans affect the climeate?

Answer 3

They heat and cool air masses that pass through the land

Question 4

What effect do large bodies of water have on land? What does this process look like?

Answer 4

Moderate temperature- Cool air flows inland from the ocean.

Question 5

What scale does vegetation affect climate on? How?

Answer 5

Local/regional- Absorbs solar energy, which increases photosynthesis and transpiration

Question 6

What is transpiration?

Answer 6

The release of water from leaves by diffusion to the surrounding air

Question 7

What is increased transpiration linked to?

Answer 7

More water in the atmosphere, cooling surface temperatures and increasing precipitation

Question 8

How does deforestation affect the climate?

Answer 8

Decreases solar radiation, transpiration, and photosynthesis. Less H2O in atmosphere, higher temp, less precipitation

Question 9

Microclimate

Answer 9

Localized set of conditions

Question 10

What are terrestrial biomes characterized by?

Answer 10

Vegetation

Question 11

What are aquatic biomes characterized by?

Answer 11

Physizal environment

Question 12

What are terrestrial biomed controlled by?

Answer 12

Climate and disturbance

Question 13

What is a climograph? What doesn’t it take into account?

Answer 13

A plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation (doesn’t take pattern into account)

Question 14

What is disturbance?

Answer 14

Change in a community that alters resource availability (fire, drought, etc).

Question 15

Is disturbance always bad?

Answer 15

No, some biomes depend on it (EG periodic burning)

Question 16

How are aquatic zones layered?

Answer 16

Physically /chemically

Question 17

What is the photic zone?

Answer 17

Part of the water with light

Question 18

What is the aphotic zone?

Answer 18

Part of the water without light

Question 19

What is the benthic zone?

Answer 19

Bottom of all aquatic zones, comprising the surface of the bottom and some sub-surface layers

Question 20

What is the abyssal zone?

Answer 20

The deepest part of the oceans, located in the aphotic zone. Made of sand and organic/inorganic sediments

Question 21

What is the difference between the benthic and abyssal zones?

Answer 21

The abyssal zone is only in the deep ocean, and the benthic zone is found in both deep and shallow water

Question 22

What causes water to mix in the upper and lower layers of bodies of water?

Answer 22

Temperature difference

Question 23

How does seasonal turnover work?

Answer 23

Heat gradient creates a thermocline (section of abrupt temperature change), and the upper and lower layers mix.

Question 24

What does seasonal turnover look like in the spring?

Answer 24

Warm water mixes with cold water, bringing oxygen to the bottom and nutrients to the surface.

Question 25

Why does seasonal turnover happen in spring?

Question 26

Why does seasonal turnover happen in the fall?

Answer 26

Surface cools, causing water to mix

Question 27

What does seasonal turnover look like in the fall?

Answer 27

Surface cools, surface water sinks to the bottom remixing water until the surface freezes over.

Question 28

Why does seasonal turnover happen at all?

Answer 28

Density differences in different water temperatures

Question 29

How are aquatic biomes usually classified?

Answer 29

Relating to light penetration, temperature, and community structure

Question 30

How is distribution of organisms determined?

Answer 30

Biotic (pollinators, disease, predators)/abiotic factors (temperature, water availability) And dispersal

Question 31

What is dispersal?

Answer 31

The spread of gametes/organisms

Question 32

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 32

Rapid evolution into new species that fill many ecological niches

Question 33

What are transplants?

Answer 33

The transportation of a species to another area to see if they could live somewhere else

Question 34

What is an example of how biotic factors determine distribution?

Answer 34

How # of sea urchins relate to seaweed cover (More urchins=less seaweed)

Question 35

Are abiotic factors physical or chemical?

Answer 35

Can be both

Question 36

Is an organism's range fixed?

Answer 36

No, it can change if it needs to

Question 37

How are ecological change and evolution related? What is an example?

Answer 37

Both can cause each other, predators causing natural selection in prey populations

Question 38

What are some characteristics of the tundra?

Answer 38

Covers the arctic, typically little precipitation. Cold climate, small plants, large grazers/predators

Question 39

What are some characteristics in temperate broadleaf forests?

Answer 39

Midlatitudes in Northern hemisphere, widely varying precipitation (70-200+ cm), cold winters and humid and hot summers. Vertically layered vegitation, mostly trees. Mammals, migratory birds, and insects.

Question 40

What are some traits of the Northern Coniferous forest?

Answer 40

North America and Eurasia --> edge of tundra, little precipitation, wide temp range, conebearing trees, migratory birds, moose, brown bears, siberian tigers, insects

Question 41

What are some traits of temperate grassland?

Answer 41

South Aftica, South America, Africa, Asia, North America. Seasonal precipitation, prone to drought, 30-100 cm/year. Cooler climate. Vegetation is mostly grasses and forbs, animals are large grazers and burrowing mammals

Question 42

What are some characteristics of chaparall?

Answer 42

Midlatitude coastal region, little but seasonal precipitation, hot summers, cool fall/winter/spring, shrubs/small trees, grazers, small mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles

Question 43

What are some characteristics of tropical forest?

Answer 43

Equatorial/subequatorial regions, heavy rainfall (lighter in dry forests, also seasonal w/ 6-7 month dry season), high temps year round, vertically layered tropical forests, insects, spiders, birds, mammals, arthropods. EXTREME biodiversity.

Question 44

What are some characteristics of desert?

Answer 44

Occur in bands 30 degrees north and south of the equator or in interior of continents. Very low precipitation, low, widely scattered vegetation, snakes, lizards, insects, many nocturnal species

Question 45

What are some characteristics of savanna?

Answer 45

Equatorial/subequatorial regions, 30-50 cm rain a year w/ dry and rainy season, warm year round. Trees are thorny with small leaves, fire resistant. Grasses and forbs grow quickly after rain. Large mammals and insects

Question 46

What are some characteristics of Temperate broadleaf forest?

Answer 46

Midlatitudes in Northern Hemisphere, smaller areas in Southern Hemisphere, 70-200 cm precipitation. Cold winters, hot and humid summers. Vertically layered forest, mammals, migratory birds, insects.