Chapter 54

Question 1

Community Ecology

Answer 1

interactions between members of different species in a location and how such interactions impact community structure

Question 2

Community structure refers to

Answer 2

number of species
the specific species present
relative abundance of species

Question 3

Competition

Answer 3

negative effect on both species (-/-)

Question 4

Predation

Answer 4

exploitative, positive effect on predator, negative effect on prey (+/-)

Question 5

Herbivory

Answer 5

exploitative interaction, (herbivore and plant/algae) (+/-)

Question 6

Parasitism

Answer 6

exploitative interaction (parasite and host) (+/-)

Question 7

Mutualism

Answer 7

both species benefit (+/+)

Question 8

Commensalism

Answer 8

benefits one species but neither benefits nor harms others (+/0)

Question 9

Ecological niche

Answer 9

specific set of biotic and abiotic environmental resources it uses

Question 10

Predator adaptations

Answer 10

claws, fangs, or poison

Question 11

Mechanical defense

Answer 11

Porcupine

Question 12

Chemical defense

Answer 12

skunk

Question 13

Aposematic coloration: warning coloration

Answer 13

poison dart frog

Question 14

Cryptic coloration: camouflage

Answer 14

canyon tree frog

Question 15

Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one

Answer 15

Nonvenomous hawkmoth larva and venomous green parrot snake

Question 16

Mullerian mimicry: two unpalatable species mimic each other

Answer 16

Cuckoo bee and yellow jacket

Question 17

Species richness

Answer 17

number of different species in the community

Question 18

Relative abundance

Answer 18

proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

Question 19

two communities can have the same species richness but

Answer 19

different relative abundance

Question 20

trophic structure

Answer 20

the feeding relationships between organisms in a community

Question 21

Foundation species

Answer 21

most abundant or highest biomass
often, competitively dominant

Question 22

Keystone species

Answer 22

exert strong impact on a community, more than size alone would suggest

Question 23

Ecosystem engineers

Answer 23

create or dramatically alter their physical environment

Question 24

Bottom-up controls

Answer 24

organisms can be controlled by what they eat

Question 25

Top down controls

Answer 25

organisms can be controlled by what eats them

Question 26

Disturbance

Answer 26

an event that changes a community by removing organisms from it or altering resource availability

Question 27

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Answer 27

states that moderate levels of disturbance foster greater diversity than do high or low levels of disturbance

Question 28

Ecological succession

Answer 28

refers to the pattern of colonization and species replacement that occurs in a community following a severe disturbance

Question 29

Primary succession

Answer 29

lifeless area, such as a new volcanic island

Question 30

Secondary succession

Answer 30

involves the recolonization of an area after a major disturbance has removed most but not all of the organisms

Question 31

Factors that affect latitudinal gradients

Answer 31

evolutionary history and climate

Question 32

Island Equilibrium model

Answer 32

species richness on islands represents a balance between immigration of new species and extinction of established species

Question 33

Pathogen effects on community structure

Answer 33

white band disease and protist that killed trees, swine flu

Question 34

Zoonosis

Answer 34

those that are transferred to humans from other animals Example-Lyme disease

Question 35

Vectors

Answer 35

the transfer of pathogens can be through direct contact or an intermediate species Example-avian flu