Chapter 26

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 2

diagram depicting evolutionary history of species

Question 3

Systematics

Answer 3

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
involves reconstruction and study of phylogenetic trees

Question 4

Classification

Answer 4

is multilevel grouping of organisms based on their similarities and differences

Question 5

Taxonomy

Answer 5

the science of classifying organisms into hierarchical groupings
includes assigning scientific names

Question 6

Binomial System

Answer 6

two part naming system

Question 7

Acer rubrum

Answer 7

North American red maple

Question 8

Felis domesticus

Answer 8

Domestic cat

Question 9

Streptoccocus pyogenes

Answer 9

Strep throat bacterium

Question 10

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 10

Anthrax bacterium

Question 11

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 11

Baker’s yeast-fungus

Question 12

Giardia lamblia

Answer 12

Protozoan parasite-protist

Question 13

Myotis macrotarsus

Answer 13

mouse-eared bat with big feet

Question 14

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis

Answer 14

herbaceous shrub in Jamaica

Question 15

Escherichia coli

Answer 15

named after German bacteriologist Theodor Escherich

Question 16

Culex molestus

Answer 16

habit of sucking blood (molesting) of host at night time

Question 17

Who came up with the Binomial/Linnaean System?

Answer 17

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 18

Binomial System

Answer 18

a system of taxonomy based on resemblances

Question 19

First part of Binomial System

Answer 19

Genus covers a group of related species (only first letter is capatilized)

Question 20

Second part of Binomial System

Answer 20

specific epithet identifies one species within that Genus (not capatilized)

Question 21

7 basic taxa levels

Answer 21

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus

Question 22

3 domain system

Answer 22

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 23

Panthera pardus

Answer 23

species classification

Question 24

Classification and Phylogeny

Answer 24

the evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a phylogenetic tree

Question 25

What we can learn from phylogenetic trees

Answer 25

it represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships, each branch point represents the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor, an evolutionary lineage is a sequence of ancestral organisms leading to a particular descendant taxon, sister taxa are groups that share a common ancestor that is not shared by any other group

Question 26

What we cannot learn from phylogenetic trees

Answer 26

they show patterns of descent not phenotypic similarities, they do not indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in a lineage, should not be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it

Question 27

Cladistics

Answer 27

approach in phylogeny where clades are identified

Question 28

Cladogram

Answer 28

monophyletic branching diagram

Question 29

Clade

Answer 29

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 30

Shared primitive characters

Answer 30

a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 31

Shared derived characters

Answer 31

an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Question 32

Outgroup organisms

Answer 32

a species or group of species closely related to, but not part of the group of species being studied

Question 33

Ingroup organisms

Answer 33

compared with the outgroup to differentiate between shared derived and shared ancestral/primitive characters

Question 34

Monophyletic group

Answer 34

consisting of 3 species and their common ancestor

Question 35

Paraphyletic group

Answer 35

consists of ancestral species and some of its descendants

Question 36

Polyphyletic group

Answer 36

consisting of four species, the most common recent ancestor is not part of it

Question 37

Branch length

Answer 37

reflects the number of genetic changes that have occurred in each lineage