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Biology AP > Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Chapter 52 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Ecology

A

Study of interactions between organisms and the environment

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1
Q

Climate varies by

A

Latitude and season

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2
Q

Organismal ecology

A

Includes subdisciplines of physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology

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3
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species living in an area

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4
Q

Population ecology

A

Analyzes factors that affect population size and how/why it changed through time

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5
Q

Community

A

Group of population of different species in an area

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6
Q

Community ecology

A

Examines how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community of organisms in an area and physical factors with which those organisms interact

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8
Q

Landscape ecology

A

Focuses on factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

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9
Q

Biosphere

A

Global ecosystem

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10
Q

Global ecology

A

Examines how regional exchange of energy and materials influence the functioning and distribution of organisms across biosphere

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11
Q

Wind changed

A

Water currents

•can increase plankton

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12
Q

Rain shadow

A

Created by moist air with mtns. cools then release moisture then cool dry air absorb the moisture (leeward side) little precipitation can create desert

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13
Q

Climate

A

Long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area

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14
Q

Four factors of climate

A

Temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind (altitude)

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15
Q

Macroclimate

A

Patterns on global, regional, and landscape level

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16
Q

Microclimate

A

Fine, localized patterns

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17
Q

How does earth’s curvature and axis of rotation influence the amount of sunlight to reaching a given area?

A

Causes strong seasonal cycles in middle to high latitudes along with changes in day length, solar radiation, temperature, and changing angle of the sun over the course of the year

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18
Q

What effect does elevation have on climate?

A

Every 1000m. elevation increase is about 6 degrees Celsius drop in temps.

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19
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Nonliving factors-temperature, water/oxygen, salinity, sunlight, rocks/soil

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20
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors-autotrophs and heterotrophs

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21
Q

Dispersal

A

Interaction between organisms and environment limit/distribution

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22
Q

What role does dispersal play in the study if the distribution of species?

A

Some animals naturally disperse while others are moved by humans

•difference between potential range of dispersal and actual range

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23
Q

Animals have actual…

A

Habitat distribution-could live somewhere but choose not to(resources)
•Niche

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24
Q

Niche

A

Role or profession of species/it’s way of life
•fundamental:theoretically possible niche
•realized: part if fundamental niche where species is not free from biotic constraints

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25
Q

Biome

A

Major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment

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26
Q

2 abiotic factors shown on climograph

A

Average temperature and precipitation

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27
Q

What is the largest marine biome? How much of earths surface does it cover?

A

Oceans-75%

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28
Q

Photic

A

Where light is sufficient for photosynthesis

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29
Q

Aphotic

A

Where little light penetrates

30
Q

Benthic

A

Bottom of all aquatic biomes-shallow or deep

31
Q

Pelagic

A

Photic and aphotic zones together

32
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Nutrient poor and oxygen rich water

33
Q

Eutrophic

A

Nutrient rich and oxygen depleted

34
Q

Littoral zone

A

Shallow well lit waters near shore

35
Q

Limnetic zone

A

Inhabited by phytoplankton-too deep to support rooted aquatic plants

36
Q

Zooplankton

A

Heterotrophs

37
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Cyanobacteria

38
Q

Neritic

A

Coastal waters

39
Q

Abyssal

A

Deep in aphotic zone very bottom no light few small organisms bigger organisms are blind or make their own light

40
Q

Tropical forest

A 
Dry:seasonal precip. about 150-200cm
Rain:relatively constant 200-400cm
Highest species diversity
Vertically layered environment 
Avg. temp. 25-29 degrees equatorial and sub equatorial(between tropics)
41
Q

Human impact in tropical forests

A

Thriving communities and rapid population growth is leading to development destroying many forests-logging

42
Q

Climograph

A

Plot of annual mean temperature and precipitation in particular region
•plays role in distribution of biomes

43
Q

Precipitation can have

A

Regularity or distinct seasons

44
Q

Biomes have

A

Dynamic disturbance over stability

•storms, fires, resource availability

45
Q

July 2010-July 2011

A

Worst ever one year drought period in Texas

46
Q

Burrowing owls

A

Have to have cows and prarie dogs to survive take manure and deal off old prarie dog tunnels before living in them

47
Q

Temperate grassland

A

Seasonal precip. dry winters 30-100
Temp. Winter cold -10 summer often approaches 30 degrees
Fires sweep it to keep it grassland
Large grazers/burrowing mammals
Grasses that can survive drought and fires

48
Q

Desert

A

Less than 30 cm precip.
-30 up to 50 degrees
Reptiles, scorpions, birds, rodents
Cacti shrubs and herbs spared to store water
Have smaller surface area on leaves-prevent evaporation

49
Q

Chaparral

A 
Midaltitudal coastal region 
Highly seasonal rainy winters 30-50 temps. Summer:30 max of 40
Winter: 10-12
High plant diversity
Deer goats amphibians birds and reptiles
50
Q

Northern coniferous forest

A 
Largest terrestrial biome
Cold winters hot summers
Conebearing trees rely on fire 
30-70cm precip
Less diverse plants-conifers
Migratory birds moose brown bears
Periodic pest outbreaks feed on trees
51
Q

Taiga

A

Cold area due to elevation

52
Q

Tundra

A 
Shallow-rooted plants and herbaceous vegetation 
20-60cm precip./high winds
"Icy desert"
Mosses(briophytes) and lichens
Small leaf surface area plants
53
Q

Savanas

A

Africa, Australia, Middle Eastish and South America

54
Q

Freshwater biomes

A

Makeup 3% of aquatic biomes

55
Q

Aphotic zones

A

Zooplankton and phytoplankton

56
Q

Detritus

A

Dead organic matter “rains” down from productive surface waters of photic

57
Q

Thermocline

A

Layer of abrupt temp. change separates warm upper layer from colder deeper water

58
Q

Turnover

A

Sends oxygenated water from surface to bottom and brings nutrient rich water from bottom to the surface

59
Q

Oxygen in h2o

A

Is extra saturated

Dissolved in water-helps fish

60
Q

Introduced species

A

Disrupts food web balance

61
Q

Fire suppression

A

Disrupts natural fires

62
Q

Permafrost

A

Layer of ice in soil in tundra

Few tress herbs and mosses

63
Q

Dissolved atmospheric oxygen

A

As temp. goes up oxygen goes down

Metabolic waste can affect it-nutrient up

64
Q

Lakes

A

Temperate-seasonal thermocline

Tropical lowland has thermocline year-round

65
Q

Wetlands

A

Habitat inhabited by water at some time(basin riverine fringe shallows) and supports plants adopted to water-saturated soil
Low in oxygen

66
Q

Streams and rivers

A

Strong/changing currents
Headwater streams-cold clear turbulent swift
Downstream waters contain substantial oxygen

67
Q

Estuaries

A

Transition area between rivers and sea

Seawater flows up and down depending on tide

68
Q

Intertidal zone

A

Periodically submerged and exposed by tides twice daily-marine shores
Conditions from upper to lower zone limits distribution
High oxygen and nutrient levels

69
Q

Oceanic pelagic zone

A 
Realm of open blue water mixed by currents high oxygen levels
Thermally stratified year round
Lower nutrient concentration 
Avg. depth of 4000 m
Deepest pt. is over 10000m low
70
Q

Coral reefs

A 
Formed from calcium carbonate skeletons
High organism diversity 
200-1500m high oxygen levels 
Harmed by anchors hurricane
Chemicals extracted to help disease
Economic value 
Topographically complex
71
Q

Marine benthic zone

A

Seafloor below surface waters of neritic zone and offshore pelagic
No sunlight Oxygen at sufficient levels
Soft sediments cover it Areas if rocky substrate on reefs submarine mtns., new oceanic crust
Cold=higher pressure

72
Q

Ecological levels of organization

A

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

73
Q

Catlike egret

A

Originally only in Africa
In 1800s some crossed Atlantic to northeastern s. America and spread to Florida by 1960
Breeding pop. As far as west pacific coast and north as southern Canada

Biology AP (10 decks)

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