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Biology AP > Chapter 52 > Flashcards

Chapter 52 Flashcards

0
Q

Ecology

A

Study of interactions between organisms and the environment

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1
Q

Climate varies by

A

Latitude and season

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2
Q

Organismal ecology

A

Includes subdisciplines of physiological, evolutionary, and behavioral ecology

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3
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species living in an area

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4
Q

Population ecology

A

Analyzes factors that affect population size and how/why it changed through time

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5
Q

Community

A

Group of population of different species in an area

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6
Q

Community ecology

A

Examines how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

Community of organisms in an area and physical factors with which those organisms interact

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8
Q

Landscape ecology

A

Focuses on factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

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9
Q

Biosphere

A

Global ecosystem

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10
Q

Global ecology

A

Examines how regional exchange of energy and materials influence the functioning and distribution of organisms across biosphere

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11
Q

Wind changed

A

Water currents

•can increase plankton

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12
Q

Rain shadow

A

Created by moist air with mtns. cools then release moisture then cool dry air absorb the moisture (leeward side) little precipitation can create desert

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13
Q

Climate

A

Long term prevailing weather conditions in a given area

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14
Q

Four factors of climate

A

Temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind (altitude)

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15
Q

Macroclimate

A

Patterns on global, regional, and landscape level

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16
Q

Microclimate

A

Fine, localized patterns

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17
Q

How does earth’s curvature and axis of rotation influence the amount of sunlight to reaching a given area?

A

Causes strong seasonal cycles in middle to high latitudes along with changes in day length, solar radiation, temperature, and changing angle of the sun over the course of the year

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18
Q

What effect does elevation have on climate?

A

Every 1000m. elevation increase is about 6 degrees Celsius drop in temps.

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19
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Nonliving factors-temperature, water/oxygen, salinity, sunlight, rocks/soil

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20
Q

Biotic factors

A

Living factors-autotrophs and heterotrophs

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21
Q

Dispersal

A

Interaction between organisms and environment limit/distribution

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22
Q

What role does dispersal play in the study if the distribution of species?

A

Some animals naturally disperse while others are moved by humans

•difference between potential range of dispersal and actual range

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23
Q

Animals have actual…

A

Habitat distribution-could live somewhere but choose not to(resources)
•Niche

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24
Niche
Role or profession of species/it's way of life •fundamental:theoretically possible niche •realized: part if fundamental niche where species is not free from biotic constraints
25
Biome
Major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment
26
2 abiotic factors shown on climograph
Average temperature and precipitation
27
What is the largest marine biome? How much of earths surface does it cover?
Oceans-75%
28
Photic
Where light is sufficient for photosynthesis
29
Aphotic
Where little light penetrates
30
Benthic
Bottom of all aquatic biomes-shallow or deep
31
Pelagic
Photic and aphotic zones together
32
Oligotrophic
Nutrient poor and oxygen rich water
33
Eutrophic
Nutrient rich and oxygen depleted
34
Littoral zone
Shallow well lit waters near shore
35
Limnetic zone
Inhabited by phytoplankton-too deep to support rooted aquatic plants
36
Zooplankton
Heterotrophs
37
Phytoplankton
Cyanobacteria
38
Neritic
Coastal waters
39
Abyssal
Deep in aphotic zone very bottom no light few small organisms bigger organisms are blind or make their own light
40
Tropical forest
``` Dry:seasonal precip. about 150-200cm Rain:relatively constant 200-400cm Highest species diversity Vertically layered environment Avg. temp. 25-29 degrees equatorial and sub equatorial(between tropics) ```
41
Human impact in tropical forests
Thriving communities and rapid population growth is leading to development destroying many forests-logging
42
Climograph
Plot of annual mean temperature and precipitation in particular region •plays role in distribution of biomes
43
Precipitation can have
Regularity or distinct seasons
44
Biomes have
Dynamic disturbance over stability | •storms, fires, resource availability
45
July 2010-July 2011
Worst ever one year drought period in Texas
46
Burrowing owls
Have to have cows and prarie dogs to survive take manure and deal off old prarie dog tunnels before living in them
47
Temperate grassland
Seasonal precip. dry winters 30-100 Temp. Winter cold -10 summer often approaches 30 degrees Fires sweep it to keep it grassland Large grazers/burrowing mammals Grasses that can survive drought and fires
48
Desert
Less than 30 cm precip. -30 up to 50 degrees Reptiles, scorpions, birds, rodents Cacti shrubs and herbs spared to store water Have smaller surface area on leaves-prevent evaporation
49
Chaparral
``` Midaltitudal coastal region Highly seasonal rainy winters 30-50 temps. Summer:30 max of 40 Winter: 10-12 High plant diversity Deer goats amphibians birds and reptiles ```
50
Northern coniferous forest
``` Largest terrestrial biome Cold winters hot summers Conebearing trees rely on fire 30-70cm precip Less diverse plants-conifers Migratory birds moose brown bears Periodic pest outbreaks feed on trees ```
51
Taiga
Cold area due to elevation
52
Tundra
``` Shallow-rooted plants and herbaceous vegetation 20-60cm precip./high winds "Icy desert" Mosses(briophytes) and lichens Small leaf surface area plants ```
53
Savanas
Africa, Australia, Middle Eastish and South America
54
Freshwater biomes
Makeup 3% of aquatic biomes
55
Aphotic zones
Zooplankton and phytoplankton
56
Detritus
Dead organic matter "rains" down from productive surface waters of photic
57
Thermocline
Layer of abrupt temp. change separates warm upper layer from colder deeper water
58
Turnover
Sends oxygenated water from surface to bottom and brings nutrient rich water from bottom to the surface
59
Oxygen in h2o
Is extra saturated | Dissolved in water-helps fish
60
Introduced species
Disrupts food web balance
61
Fire suppression
Disrupts natural fires
62
Permafrost
Layer of ice in soil in tundra | Few tress herbs and mosses
63
Dissolved atmospheric oxygen
As temp. goes up oxygen goes down | Metabolic waste can affect it-nutrient up
64
Lakes
Temperate-seasonal thermocline | Tropical lowland has thermocline year-round
65
Wetlands
Habitat inhabited by water at some time(basin riverine fringe shallows) and supports plants adopted to water-saturated soil Low in oxygen
66
Streams and rivers
Strong/changing currents Headwater streams-cold clear turbulent swift Downstream waters contain substantial oxygen
67
Estuaries
Transition area between rivers and sea | Seawater flows up and down depending on tide
68
Intertidal zone
Periodically submerged and exposed by tides twice daily-marine shores Conditions from upper to lower zone limits distribution High oxygen and nutrient levels
69
Oceanic pelagic zone
``` Realm of open blue water mixed by currents high oxygen levels Thermally stratified year round Lower nutrient concentration Avg. depth of 4000 m Deepest pt. is over 10000m low ```
70
Coral reefs
``` Formed from calcium carbonate skeletons High organism diversity 200-1500m high oxygen levels Harmed by anchors hurricane Chemicals extracted to help disease Economic value Topographically complex ```
71
Marine benthic zone
Seafloor below surface waters of neritic zone and offshore pelagic No sunlight Oxygen at sufficient levels Soft sediments cover it Areas if rocky substrate on reefs submarine mtns., new oceanic crust Cold=higher pressure
72
Ecological levels of organization
Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
73
Catlike egret
Originally only in Africa In 1800s some crossed Atlantic to northeastern s. America and spread to Florida by 1960 Breeding pop. As far as west pacific coast and north as southern Canada

Biology AP (10 decks)

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