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Biology AP > Chapter 2-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 2-4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Element

A

Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances

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1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Compound

A

Substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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3
Q

Four elements that make up 96% of all living matter

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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4
Q

Essential element

A

Needed by organisms to live a healthy life and reproduce

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5
Q

Trace element

A

Required by organisms but only in minute quantities

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6
Q

Neutron

A

Electronically neutral particle

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7
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle

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8
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons=number of electrons

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10
Q

Atomic mass

A

Number of protons and neutrons

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11
Q

Isotope

A

Different atomic forms of the same element

Difference in number of neutrons

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12
Q

Electron shells

A

Levels of energy around nucleus:

Higher as further away

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13
Q

Energy

A

defined as capacity to cause change

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14
Q

Atomic weight

A

Number of protons plus neutrons plus electrons

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15
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

One where the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

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16
Q

What is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms?

A

Electrons

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17
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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18
Q

What determined the chemical behavior of an atom?

A

Distribution of electrons in atom’s electron shell

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19
Q

Dalton’s

A

Total mass of an atom

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20
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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21
Q

Electronegativity

A

Attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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22
Q

Difference between nonpolar polar covalent bonds

A

Nonpolar= equally shared electrons while polar= unequally shared electrons

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23
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

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24
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

25
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and electronegative atom

26
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

Individually weak and only occur when atoms and molecules are very close together

27
Q

Why is molecular shape crucial in biology?

A

Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity

28
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Reactions are still going on, but with no net effect on concentrations of reactants and products

29
Q

Polar molecule

A

It’s overall charge is unevenly distributed

30
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds hold substance together

31
Q

Adhesion

A

Changing of one substance to another- meniscus of water

32
Q

Calorie

A

Amount of hear it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

33
Q

Specific heat

A

Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for one gram of the substance to change it’s temperature by one degree Celsius

34
Q

Hydration shells

A

Sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

35
Q

Colloid

A

Stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid

36
Q

Evaporation

A

Transformation from a liquid to a gas

37
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for one gram of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

38
Q

Why is four degrees Celsius the critical temperature?

A

Water reaches it’s greatest density

39
Q

Solvent

A

Dissolving agent of a solution

40
Q

Solution

A

Homogenous mix of two or more substances

41
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved

42
Q

Hydrophobic substance

A

Repel water

43
Q

Hydrophilic substance

A

Has an affinity for water

44
Q

Molarity

A

Number of moles of solute per liter of solution

45
Q

What two ions form when water dissociates?

A

Hydronium and hydroxide

46
Q

Buffer

A

Substance that minimizes changed in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution

47
Q

Organiz chemistry

A

Study of carbon compounds

48
Q

Stanley Miller

A

Experimented to simulate conditions thought to have existed on early Earth
Concluded that organiz molecules may have Ben synthesized abiotically on early earth

49
Q

Types of skeletons carbon chains can form

A

Hydrocarbons and isomers

50
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen-hydrophobic

51
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of same elements but have different structures and properties

52
Q

Functional group

A

Chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions

53
Q

Hydroxyl

A

-OH
Alcohols
Polar/form hydrogen bonds

54
Q

Carbonyl

A

Consists of a carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom by a double bond
Ketones and aldehydes
Structural isomers
Also found in sugars

55
Q

Ketone

A

Carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

56
Q

Aldehyde

A

Carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton

57
Q

Carboxyl

A

Oxygen double bonded to carbon that is also bonded to an -OH group
Carboxylic acids or organic acids
Polar bonds because can donate H^+
Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of negative one

58
Q

Amino

A

Consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms and to the carbon skeleton
Amino acids
Acts as a base
has a charge of +1

59
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

Sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom resembles a hydroxyl group
Form covalent bonds

60
Q

Phosphate

A

Phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms one oxygen is bonded to the carbon skeleton two of the oxygen carry negative charges
Release energy when reacting with water

61
Q

Methyl

A

Carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms

Arrangement in male and female sex hormones affect their shape and function

Biology AP (10 decks)

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