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Biology AP > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Three classes of macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids

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1
Q

4 main classes of the large molecules of all living things

A

Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids and lipids

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Molecules that are huge on a molecular scale

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3
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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4
Q

Monomer

A

Smaller molecules

repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

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5
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

The reaction that connects monomers together

Each monomer contributes part of the water molecule that is released during the reaction

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The reaction where polymers are converted to monomers

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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The monomers of all carbohydrates

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8
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

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9
Q

Carbon

A

Has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures

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10
Q

Macromolecules are formed by

A

Polymerization

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Made of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Sugar starch cellulose and glycogen
Main source of energy for living things
chiton for structural purposes

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12
Q

Isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

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13
Q

Structural isomers

A

Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

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14
Q

Geometric isomers

A

Same covalent arrangements but different spatial arrangements

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15
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

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16
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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17
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Consist only of carbon and hydrogen

Can undergo reactions that release large amounts of energy

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18
Q

How are enantiomers important in pharmaceutical industry?

A

The two drugs are the same but have different effects

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19
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars

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20
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrate macromolecules composed of many sugar building blocks

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21
Q

Sugars

A

Most end in -ose

Classified by number of carbons

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22
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Where the oxygen is between two monomers

A.k.a. Beta linkage

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23
Q

Polysaccharide structure and function

A

Determined by the sugar monomer and positions of the glycosidic linkage

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24
Q

Storage polysaccharides

A

Chloroplasts in plants
Starches
Glycogen in animal storage (found it in the liver and muscle cells)

25
Q

Structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose found in the wall plant cells
Enzymes that digests starts by hydrolyzing
Chitin (found in the exoskeleton in anthropods)

26
Q

Lipids

A

Diverse group of hydrophobic molecules

most biologically important ones are bats phospholipids and steroids

27
Q

Fats

A

Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

28
Q

Glycerol

A

Three carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

29
Q

Fatty acid

A

Carboxyl group attached to one carbon skeleton

30
Q

Triglyceride

A

Three fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkage

31
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

How the max number of hydrogen atoms possible with no double bonds
Solid at room temperature
Most animal fats

32
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

One or more double bonds

liquid at room temperature

33
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Include omega three

required for normal growth and thought to protect against cardiovascular disease

34
Q

Major function of Fatty acids

A

Energy storage

Humans/animals store fat in adipose cells

35
Q

Phospholipids

A

Two fatty acid and phosphate group attached to glycerol
Two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic but the phosphate group in its attachments form hydrophilic head
Major component of all cell membranes

36
Q

Steriods

A 
Characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings 
Include cholesterol (important component in animal cell membranes) and sex hormones
37
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions with out being consumed by the reaction

38
Q

Polypeptides

A

Polymers of amino acids

39
Q

Protein

A

Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folder and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

40
Q

Amino acid

A

Organic molecule possessing an amino group and a carboxyl group

41
Q

Peptide bond

A

Resulting covalent bond after two amino acids are joined by a dehydration reaction

42
Q

Alpha helix

A

Delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid

43
Q

Beta pleaded sheet

A

Other main type of secondary structure
Two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side-by-side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbone

44
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

Linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence

45
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

The coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone

46
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids

47
Q

Disulphide bridges

A

Covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein

48
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

49
Q

Collagen

A

Fibrous protein that has three identical helical polypeptides intertwined into a larger triple helix

50
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen binding protein

another example of a globular protein with quaternary structure

51
Q

Denaturation

A

When a protein is caused to unravel and lose it’s native shape

52
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

53
Q

Gene

A

Consists of DNA which belongs to the class of compounds called nucleic acids

54
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides

55
Q

Nucleoside

A

Portion of a nucleotide without any phosphate group

56
Q

Pyrimidine

A

One six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

57
Q

Purines

A

Larger with a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring

58
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose

59
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

Ribose

60
Q

Double helix

A

Have polynucleotides or strands that spiral around an imaginary axis

61
Q

Antiparallel

A

Two sugar phosphate backbones rub in opposite directions from each other

Biology AP (10 decks)

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