Chapter 51 Defenses Against Diseases

Question 1

What use the immune system to stimulate natural defenses?

Answer 1

Vaccinations

Question 2

What are the 3 lines of defenses?

Answer 2

Epithelial, innate, and adaptive.

Question 3

What is the enzyme that breaks down bacteria (found in tears)?

Answer 3

Lysozyme (kinda like lysosomes)

Question 4

What kind of defense do plants and invertebrates rely on?

Answer 4

Innate

Question 5

What kind of immunity produces inflammation?

Answer 5

Innate

Question 6

What is a immune response?

Answer 6

Innate + Adaptive immunity.

Question 7

How did immunity come about?

Answer 7

It is a long co-evolutionary interaction between hosts and pathogens.

Question 8

What is an essential step before any immune response is initiated?

Answer 8

Recognition of nonself.

Question 9

How does the body recognize the pathogen?

Answer 9

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

Question 10

What in the body actually bind the PAMPs?

Answer 10

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)

Question 11

What are PAMP?

Answer 11

Surface glycoproteins, lipids, and carbs.

Question 12

What are the 3 components of innate immunity?

Answer 12

Phagocytosis, melatonic encapsulation, and antimicrobial peptides.

Question 13

What component of innate immune system is responsible for taking down large pathogens?

Answer 13

Melatonic encapsulation.

Question 14

What component of the immune system takes down small pathogens?

Answer 14

Phagocytosis.

Question 15

What produces defensins?

Answer 15

Antimicrobial peptides (more specifically epithelial cells)

Question 16

What is the function of a defensins?

Answer 16

Disrupt plasma membrane.

Question 17

What release cytokines and chemokines?

Answer 17

Macrophages

Question 18

Which cells secrete histamine?

Answer 18

Mast cells.

Question 19

What do chemokines do?

Answer 19

Attract neutrophils

Question 20

What do cytokine and histamine do?

Answer 20

Dilate blood vessels and increase permeability.

Question 21

What is a complement system?

Answer 21

30 or so soluble plasma proteins that bind to pathogen disrupting osmotic balance or tagging pathogen for other cells to kill it.

Question 22

What are the 4 ways a virus can be eliminated from body?

Answer 22

RNAi, interferons, apoptosis, and natural killer cells.

Question 23

What is RNAi and when is it triggered?

Answer 23

Mechanism to destroy dsRNA which it is triggered by.

Question 24

How do interferons work?

Answer 24

Degrade cellular RNA and stop protein synthesis.

Question 25

How do natural killer cells work?

Answer 25

Release perforins and proteases that first break down plasma membrane then initiate apoptosis.

Question 26

What are the 2 main adaptive immunity responses?

Answer 26

Antibody and cell mediated.

Question 27

Is adaptive immunity only in vertebrates?

Answer 27

Yes.

Question 28

What is an antigen?

Answer 28

Foreign material that triggers an adaptive immune response.

Question 29

B and T cell originate from what kind of cell?

Answer 29

Lymphocyte

Question 30

Where do B and T cells originate from?

Answer 30

Stem cells in the bone marrow.

Question 31

Where does T cell differentiate?

Answer 31

Thymus.

Question 32

What is an epitope?

Answer 32

Binding site of pathogen.

Question 33

How many polypeptide chains does a BCR have?

Answer 33

4

Question 34

How many polypeptide chains does a TCR have?

Answer 34

2

Question 35

What is an antibody made of?

Answer 35

Immunoglobulin.

Question 36

What 2 classes of antibodies are on the surface of a B-cell?

Answer 36

IgM and IgD (DuM)

Question 37

What class of antibodies are very high in primary and secondary response?

Answer 37

IgG

Question 38

What class of antibodies are blocks attachment of pathogen to mucus?

Answer 38

IgA

Question 39

What class of antibodies triggers an allergic response?

Answer 39

IgE

Question 40

What is a dendritic cell?

Answer 40

Phagocyte.

Question 41

What secretes interleukin in phase one of antibody mediated response?

Answer 41

APC

Question 42

Does CD4+ cell secrete cytokines in phase 1 of antibody mediated response?

Answer 42

Yes which creates helper T-cells.

Question 43

What cells secrete interleukins during BCR activation?

Answer 43

Helpter T-cells.

Question 44

Are there helper T memory cells created during T-cell activation?

Answer 44

Yes.

Question 45

What are 2 examples of effector cells?

Answer 45

Helpter T-cells and plasma cells.

Question 46

What is clonal selection?

Answer 46

Selection of the right lymphocyte to clone.

Question 47

What 2 methods are used by antibodies to clear antigens?

Answer 47

Neutralization and Agglutination.

Question 48

What kind of immunity is short lived?

Answer 48

Passive because no memory.

Question 49

What drug is used after organ transplants?

Answer 49

Cyclosporin A

Question 50

What does cyclosporin do?

Answer 50

Suppresses T-cell activation. Thus suppresses B-cell activation.

Question 51

What can antibody be used for in research?

Answer 51

Finding out molecular functions.

Question 52

What do cytotoxic cells do?

Answer 52

Release perforins and proteases which cause apoptosis. (Kinda like natural killer cells)

Question 53

What are classes of antigens that cause allergies?

Answer 53

Allergens.

Question 54

Where does IgE attach to during an allergic response?

Answer 54

To a mast cell. Stimulates it to release histamine.

Question 55

What is used to prevent anaphylatic shock?

Answer 55

Epinephrine.

Question 56

What is antigenic variation?

Answer 56

Indefinite changing of the surface proteins by the pathogen.