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biology > Chapter 51 Defenses Against Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 51 Defenses Against Diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What use the immune system to stimulate natural defenses?

A

Vaccinations

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2
Q

What are the 3 lines of defenses?

A

Epithelial, innate, and adaptive.

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3
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down bacteria (found in tears)?

A

Lysozyme (kinda like lysosomes)

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4
Q

What kind of defense do plants and invertebrates rely on?

A

Innate

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5
Q

What kind of immunity produces inflammation?

A

Innate

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6
Q

What is a immune response?

A

Innate + Adaptive immunity.

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7
Q

How did immunity come about?

A

It is a long co-evolutionary interaction between hosts and pathogens.

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8
Q

What is an essential step before any immune response is initiated?

A

Recognition of nonself.

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9
Q

How does the body recognize the pathogen?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

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10
Q

What in the body actually bind the PAMPs?

A

Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)

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11
Q

What are PAMP?

A

Surface glycoproteins, lipids, and carbs.

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12
Q

What are the 3 components of innate immunity?

A

Phagocytosis, melatonic encapsulation, and antimicrobial peptides.

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13
Q

What component of innate immune system is responsible for taking down large pathogens?

A

Melatonic encapsulation.

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14
Q

What component of the immune system takes down small pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis.

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15
Q

What produces defensins?

A

Antimicrobial peptides (more specifically epithelial cells)

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16
Q

What is the function of a defensins?

A

Disrupt plasma membrane.

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17
Q

What release cytokines and chemokines?

A

Macrophages

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18
Q

Which cells secrete histamine?

A

Mast cells.

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19
Q

What do chemokines do?

A

Attract neutrophils

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20
Q

What do cytokine and histamine do?

A

Dilate blood vessels and increase permeability.

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21
Q

What is a complement system?

A

30 or so soluble plasma proteins that bind to pathogen disrupting osmotic balance or tagging pathogen for other cells to kill it.

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22
Q

What are the 4 ways a virus can be eliminated from body?

A

RNAi, interferons, apoptosis, and natural killer cells.

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23
Q

What is RNAi and when is it triggered?

A

Mechanism to destroy dsRNA which it is triggered by.

24
Q

How do interferons work?

A

Degrade cellular RNA and stop protein synthesis.

25
Q

How do natural killer cells work?

A

Release perforins and proteases that first break down plasma membrane then initiate apoptosis.

26
Q

What are the 2 main adaptive immunity responses?

A

Antibody and cell mediated.

27
Q

Is adaptive immunity only in vertebrates?

A

Yes.

28
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Foreign material that triggers an adaptive immune response.

29
Q

B and T cell originate from what kind of cell?

A

Lymphocyte

30
Q

Where do B and T cells originate from?

A

Stem cells in the bone marrow.

31
Q

Where does T cell differentiate?

A

Thymus.

32
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Binding site of pathogen.

33
Q

How many polypeptide chains does a BCR have?

A

4

34
Q

How many polypeptide chains does a TCR have?

A

2

35
Q

What is an antibody made of?

A

Immunoglobulin.

36
Q

What 2 classes of antibodies are on the surface of a B-cell?

A

IgM and IgD (DuM)

37
Q

What class of antibodies are very high in primary and secondary response?

A

IgG

38
Q

What class of antibodies are blocks attachment of pathogen to mucus?

A

IgA

39
Q

What class of antibodies triggers an allergic response?

A

IgE

40
Q

What is a dendritic cell?

A

Phagocyte.

41
Q

What secretes interleukin in phase one of antibody mediated response?

A

APC

42
Q

Does CD4+ cell secrete cytokines in phase 1 of antibody mediated response?

A

Yes which creates helper T-cells.

43
Q

What cells secrete interleukins during BCR activation?

A

Helpter T-cells.

44
Q

Are there helper T memory cells created during T-cell activation?

A

Yes.

45
Q

What are 2 examples of effector cells?

A

Helpter T-cells and plasma cells.

46
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Selection of the right lymphocyte to clone.

47
Q

What 2 methods are used by antibodies to clear antigens?

A

Neutralization and Agglutination.

48
Q

What kind of immunity is short lived?

A

Passive because no memory.

49
Q

What drug is used after organ transplants?

A

Cyclosporin A

50
Q

What does cyclosporin do?

A

Suppresses T-cell activation. Thus suppresses B-cell activation.

51
Q

What can antibody be used for in research?

A

Finding out molecular functions.

52
Q

What do cytotoxic cells do?

A

Release perforins and proteases which cause apoptosis. (Kinda like natural killer cells)

53
Q

What are classes of antigens that cause allergies?

A

Allergens.

54
Q

Where does IgE attach to during an allergic response?

A

To a mast cell. Stimulates it to release histamine.

55
Q

What is used to prevent anaphylatic shock?

A

Epinephrine.

56
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

Indefinite changing of the surface proteins by the pathogen.

biology (6 decks)

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