Chapter 39 Organization

Question 1

What are the 4 levels of organization in the animal body?

Answer 1

Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

Question 2

What is a tissue?

Answer 2

Group of cells with same structure and function working together to carry out activities.

Question 3

What is a organ system?

Answer 3

Group of organs working together to carry out a physiological process.

Question 4

What are the 4 kinds of tissues in the body?

Answer 4

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

Question 5

What is the job of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

Protection (defensins), secretion (glands), and absorption. (Door security)

Question 6

What is the job of muscle tissue ?

Answer 6

Provides force for movement. (muscle = force)

Question 7

What determines the structure and function of tissues?

Answer 7

Properties of cells.

Question 8

What is the name(s) of the fluid occupying the spaces between cells?

Answer 8

Interstitial fluid/Extracellular matrix.

Between/outside

Question 9

What does the Extracellular matrix consists of?

Answer 9

Proteins and glycoproteins.

Question 10

Anchoring junction is most common in which kind of tissue?

Answer 10

Muscle because it is subjected to stretching.

Question 11

Where would tight junctions be most useful?

Answer 11

Urinary bladder, avoid waste from leaking back into the body.

Question 12

Why would gap junction be helpful between muscle cells?

Answer 12

Because it will help the muscle cells move as a unit.

Question 13

Which type of tissue consists of a sheetlike layers of cells with little ECM between them?

Answer 13

Epithelial

Question 14

What are 4 types of Epithelial cell structures?

Answer 14

Simple squamous, stratified (multiple layers) squamous, columnar, and cuboidal.

Question 15

What is a a layer of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells?

Answer 15

Basal Lamina

Question 16

Basal membrane is an example of what?

Answer 16

ECM

Question 17

What kind of epithelial cell structure would best be used for diffusion?

Answer 17

Simple squamous.

Question 18

What kind of epithelial cell structure would be best present on surfaces that are exposed to abrasion?

Answer 18

Stratified squamous.

Question 19

What two types of epithelial cell structures are used for secretion and absorption as well as contain microvilli?

Answer 19

Cuboidal and Columnar.

Question 20

What type excretory gland has a duct and secretes on a epithelial surface?

Answer 20

Exocrine. (Salivary gland)

Question 21

What type excretory gland don’t have a duct secrete right into the interstitial fluid?

Answer 21

Endocrine. (Thyroid gland)

Question 22

What organ is behaves as both and endocrine and exocrine structure?

Answer 22

Pancreas.

Question 23

What does a connective tissue primarily consists of?

Answer 23

Cell networks or layers and ECM.

Question 24

What two things does a basal membrane consists of?

Answer 24

Basal surface and basal lamina.

Question 25

What is the job of fibronectin?

Answer 25

A class of glycoprotein that attaches cells to the ECM. (Knitting)

Question 26

What is a collagen?

Answer 26

A fibrous glycoprotein, which is a vital part of ECM.

Question 27

What is elastin?

Answer 27

A rubbery protien that adds elasticity to the ECM.

Question 28

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 28

Secrete most collagen and other proteins in connective tissue. (Blasts fibers)

Question 29

What are the 6 connective tissue types?

Answer 29

Loose, fibrous, cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood.

Question 30

This type of tissue consists of sparsely distributed fibroblasts surrounded by collagen and other glycoprotiens.

Answer 30

Loose connective tissue.

Question 31

This type of connective tissue is found under the skin and around blood vessels.

Answer 31

Loose connective tissue.

Question 32

This type of connective tissue contains sparsely distributed fibroblasts but dense and parallel bundles of collagen and elastin?

Answer 32

Fibrous connective tissue. (More collages = more fibre)

Question 33

Examples of this type of connective tissue are tendons and ligaments.

Answer 33

Fibrous CT

Question 34

This type of CT tissue consists of sparsely distributed chondrocytes in a network of collagen and chondroitin sulfate.

Answer 34

Cartilage

Question 35

What is a unique key element present only in cartilage?

Answer 35

Chondroitin sulfate.

Question 36

What is the densest CT?

Answer 36

Bone

Question 37

What are osteocytes?

Answer 37

Mature bone cells stuck in collagen and calcium-phosphate.

Question 38

What is the difference between osteoblast and osteoclast?

Answer 38

Osteoblast produce/blast collagen | Osteoclast cut/remove minerals to the bloodstream.

Question 39

What is the basic structure of the bone with a central canal called?

Answer 39

Osteon.

Question 40

What type of CT is also known as energy reserve cells?

Answer 40

Adipose Tissue.

Question 41

What are the three parts of the Blood CT?

Answer 41

Erythrocytes, plasma (staw-colored fluid), and leukocytes.

Question 42

This type of CT is known as a transport vehicle.

Answer 42

Blood

Question 43

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

Answer 43

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

Question 44

This type of muscle tissue forms layers around body cavities.

Answer 44

Smooth muscle.

Question 45

This type of tissue consists of long, striated muscle fibres and is used for movement.

Answer 45

Skeletal muscle.

Question 46

What type of arrangement helps the cardiac muscle contract from all directions?

Answer 46

Intercalated disk branching.

Question 47

These are spindle shaped contractile cells with tapered ends.

Answer 47

Smooth muscle tissue.

Question 48

What are the 3 functions of glial cells?

Answer 48

Provide insulation, scavenge debris, and provide electrical insulation (myelin sheaths).

Question 49

Homeostasis is accomplished specifically by what type of mechanism?

Answer 49

Negative feedback loop.

Question 50

Why is homeostatis a dynamic process?

Answer 50

Because internal changes are made constantly.

Question 51

What is a regulator?

Answer 51

Animal that maintains internal environment.

Question 52

What is a conformer?

Answer 52

Animal that matches external environment.

Question 53

What kind of feedback loop compensates for environmental changes?

Answer 53

Negative

Question 54

What are the 3 parts of a Negative feedback loop?

Answer 54

Sensor, integrator, and effector (last step).

Question 55

What kind of pathway bring information to the integrator?

Answer 55

Afferent (sensory).

Question 56

What kind of pathway takes information towards the effector?

Answer 56

Efferent (effector - motor)

Question 57

What structure in brain detects temperature change in the environment?

Answer 57

Hypothalamus.

Question 58

What kind of feedback loop is less common?

Answer 58

Positive.