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Biology > Chapter 39 Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Organization Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 levels of organization in the animal body?

A

Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells with same structure and function working together to carry out activities.

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3
Q

What is a organ system?

A

Group of organs working together to carry out a physiological process.

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4
Q

What are the 4 kinds of tissues in the body?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous.

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5
Q

What is the job of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection (defensins), secretion (glands), and absorption. (Door security)

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6
Q

What is the job of muscle tissue ?

A

Provides force for movement. (muscle = force)

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7
Q

What determines the structure and function of tissues?

A

Properties of cells.

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8
Q

What is the name(s) of the fluid occupying the spaces between cells?

A

Interstitial fluid/Extracellular matrix.

Between/outside

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9
Q

What does the Extracellular matrix consists of?

A

Proteins and glycoproteins.

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10
Q

Anchoring junction is most common in which kind of tissue?

A

Muscle because it is subjected to stretching.

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11
Q

Where would tight junctions be most useful?

A

Urinary bladder, avoid waste from leaking back into the body.

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12
Q

Why would gap junction be helpful between muscle cells?

A

Because it will help the muscle cells move as a unit.

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13
Q

Which type of tissue consists of a sheetlike layers of cells with little ECM between them?

A

Epithelial

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14
Q

What are 4 types of Epithelial cell structures?

A

Simple squamous, stratified (multiple layers) squamous, columnar, and cuboidal.

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15
Q

What is a a layer of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells?

A

Basal Lamina

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16
Q

Basal membrane is an example of what?

A

ECM

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17
Q

What kind of epithelial cell structure would best be used for diffusion?

A

Simple squamous.

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18
Q

What kind of epithelial cell structure would be best present on surfaces that are exposed to abrasion?

A

Stratified squamous.

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19
Q

What two types of epithelial cell structures are used for secretion and absorption as well as contain microvilli?

A

Cuboidal and Columnar.

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20
Q

What type excretory gland has a duct and secretes on a epithelial surface?

A

Exocrine. (Salivary gland)

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21
Q

What type excretory gland don’t have a duct secrete right into the interstitial fluid?

A

Endocrine. (Thyroid gland)

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22
Q

What organ is behaves as both and endocrine and exocrine structure?

A

Pancreas.

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23
Q

What does a connective tissue primarily consists of?

A

Cell networks or layers and ECM.

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24
Q

What two things does a basal membrane consists of?

A

Basal surface and basal lamina.

25
Q

What is the job of fibronectin?

A

A class of glycoprotein that attaches cells to the ECM. (Knitting)

26
Q

What is a collagen?

A

A fibrous glycoprotein, which is a vital part of ECM.

27
Q

What is elastin?

A

A rubbery protien that adds elasticity to the ECM.

28
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

Secrete most collagen and other proteins in connective tissue. (Blasts fibers)

29
Q

What are the 6 connective tissue types?

A

Loose, fibrous, cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood.

30
Q

This type of tissue consists of sparsely distributed fibroblasts surrounded by collagen and other glycoprotiens.

A

Loose connective tissue.

31
Q

This type of connective tissue is found under the skin and around blood vessels.

A

Loose connective tissue.

32
Q

This type of connective tissue contains sparsely distributed fibroblasts but dense and parallel bundles of collagen and elastin?

A

Fibrous connective tissue. (More collages = more fibre)

33
Q

Examples of this type of connective tissue are tendons and ligaments.

A

Fibrous CT

34
Q

This type of CT tissue consists of sparsely distributed chondrocytes in a network of collagen and chondroitin sulfate.

A

Cartilage

35
Q

What is a unique key element present only in cartilage?

A

Chondroitin sulfate.

36
Q

What is the densest CT?

A

Bone

37
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells stuck in collagen and calcium-phosphate.

38
Q

What is the difference between osteoblast and osteoclast?

A

Osteoblast produce/blast collagen

Osteoclast cut/remove minerals to the bloodstream.

39
Q

What is the basic structure of the bone with a central canal called?

A

Osteon.

40
Q

What type of CT is also known as energy reserve cells?

A

Adipose Tissue.

41
Q

What are the three parts of the Blood CT?

A

Erythrocytes, plasma (staw-colored fluid), and leukocytes.

42
Q

This type of CT is known as a transport vehicle.

A

Blood

43
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissues?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

44
Q

This type of muscle tissue forms layers around body cavities.

A

Smooth muscle.

45
Q

This type of tissue consists of long, striated muscle fibres and is used for movement.

A

Skeletal muscle.

46
Q

What type of arrangement helps the cardiac muscle contract from all directions?

A

Intercalated disk branching.

47
Q

These are spindle shaped contractile cells with tapered ends.

A

Smooth muscle tissue.

48
Q

What are the 3 functions of glial cells?

A

Provide insulation, scavenge debris, and provide electrical insulation (myelin sheaths).

49
Q

Homeostasis is accomplished specifically by what type of mechanism?

A

Negative feedback loop.

50
Q

Why is homeostatis a dynamic process?

A

Because internal changes are made constantly.

51
Q

What is a regulator?

A

Animal that maintains internal environment.

52
Q

What is a conformer?

A

Animal that matches external environment.

53
Q

What kind of feedback loop compensates for environmental changes?

A

Negative

54
Q

What are the 3 parts of a Negative feedback loop?

A

Sensor, integrator, and effector (last step).

55
Q

What kind of pathway bring information to the integrator?

A

Afferent (sensory).

56
Q

What kind of pathway takes information towards the effector?

A

Efferent (effector - motor)

57
Q

What structure in brain detects temperature change in the environment?

A

Hypothalamus.

58
Q

What kind of feedback loop is less common?

A

Positive.

Biology (6 decks)

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