Chapter 51 - Animal Behavior

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

the nervous system’s response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or hormonal system

an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system in rsponse to a stimulus

Question 2

Observation of Study

Answer 2

Jane Goodall and Chimpanzees

requires careful and time-consuming documentation of behaviors

Question 3

classical ethology

Answer 3

Konad Lorenz and Geese

early studies of a form of learning known as imprinting

experimental manipulations, somewhat artificial

Niko Tinbergen and innate behaviors

animals may respond in a predictable fashion to a stimulus

supernormal stimulus may evoke the strongest response

Question 4

Classical Animal Psychology

Answer 4

rat in a maze

B.F. Skinner - behaviorist school

behavior is infinitely maleable by the environment (all nature, no nurture)

hypothesis disproved

Question 5

fixed action pattern

Answer 5

sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable

once initiated, usually carried to completion

Question 6

sign stimulus

Answer 6

an external cue that triggers a fixed action pattern

Question 7

Migration

Answer 7

regular, long-distance change in location

Question 8

Animals can orient themselves using…

Answer 8

the position of the sun and their circadian clock

position of the North star

Earth’s magnetic field

Question 9

imprinting

Answer 9

behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible.

distinguished from other learning by a sensitive period

Question 10

spatial learning

Answer 10

more complex modification of behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the envrionment

Question 11

associative learning

Answer 11

animals associate one feature of their environment with another

Question 12

social learning

Answer 12

learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture

Question 13

the nervous system’s response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or hormonal system

Answer 13

Behavior

Question 14

Jane Goodall and Chimpanzees

requires careful and time-consuming documentation of behaviors

Answer 14

Observation of Study

Question 15

Konad Lorenz and Geese

early studies of a form of learning known as imprinting

experimental manipulations, somewhat artificial

Niko Tinbergen and innate behaviors

animals may respond in a predictable fashion to a stimulus

supernormal stimulus may evoke the strongest response

Answer 15

classical ethology

Question 16

rat in a maze

B.F. Skinner - behaviorist school

behavior is infinitely maleable by the environment (all nature, no nurture)

hypothesis disproved

Answer 16

Classical Animal Psychology

Question 17

sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable

once initiated, usually carried to completion

Answer 17

fixed action pattern

Question 18

an external cue that triggers a fixed action pattern

Answer 18

sign stimulus

Question 19

regular, long-distance change in location

Answer 19

Migration

Question 20

the position of the sun and their circadian clock

position of the North star

Earth’s magnetic field

Answer 20

Animals can orient themselves using…

Question 21

behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible.

distinguished from other learning by a sensitive period

Answer 21

imprinting

Question 22

more complex modification of behavior based on experience with the spatial structure of the envrionment

Answer 22

spatial learning

Question 23

animals associate one feature of their environment with another

Answer 23

associative learning

Question 24

learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture

Answer 24

social learning

Question 25

behavioral ecology

Answer 25

the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior

Question 26

stimulus-response chain

Answer 26

each response to a stimulus acts as another stimulus

(mating of fruit flies)

Question 27

innate behavior

Answer 27

behavior with a genetic basis

Question 28

learning

Answer 28

the modification of behaivor based on specific experiences

Question 29

Culture

Answer 29

a system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behaivor of indivduals ina population

Question 30

intersexual selection

Answer 30

mates are chosen based on characteristics of of others

Question 31

intrasexual selection

Answer 31

competition between the same sex for mates

Question 32

Agnostic behavior

Answer 32

an often-ritualized contest that determines which competitor gains access to a resource

Question 33

Game Theory

Answer 33

evaluates alternative strategies in situations where teh outcome depends on the strategies of all individuals involved.

It’s a way to understand complex behaviors that rely on relative performance

Question 34

Altruism

Answer 34

describes a behavior that reduces an animal’s individual fitness, but increases the fitness of tother indivudals in the population

Question 35

inclusive fitness

Answer 35

an individual can maximize reporductive success by risking himself to hlep those closely related to him

Question 36

coefficient of relatedness & Hamilton’s rule

Answer 36

r - fraction of genes shared

rB>C

an altruistic act is favored when the benefit to the recipient times the factor of relatedness is greater than the risk to the individual

Question 37

sociobiology

Answer 37

certain behavioral characteristics exist because they are expressions of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection