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Biology 112 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle

A
  • scala naturae - scale of organisms based on increasing complexity (towards perfection)
  • fixity of species
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2
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A
  • classification system (still used)
  • binomial naming system (a nested sytem grouping similar species into increasingly general categories)
  • grouping based on the “pattern of their creation”, not evolutionary relationships
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3
Q

Paleontology

A

study of fossils

developed by Cuvier who did not believe in evolution

he believed in catastrophism

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4
Q

Catastrophism

A

idea that events happen suddenly and differently than today

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5
Q

Hutton’s “gradualism”

A

idea that events occur gradually and still happen today

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6
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

idea that events happen gradually, but at a constant rate and still happen today at a constant rate

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7
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamark (1744-1829)

A

Before Darwin

Wrong mostly, but got people thinking

first comprehensive theory of evolutionary change

Use and disuse, inherited acquired characterisitcs, species change over time (right), organisms strive for improvement, lineages did not branch or go extinct.

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8
Q

biogeographical problems for Darwin

A

Noticed island speices were similar to mainland ones, but were still different. Some were unique to islands.

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9
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

A

Darwin’s competition

co-developer of natual selection

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10
Q

2 points Darwin tried to make in The Origen of Species

A
  1. observation - historical evolution
  2. mechanism - natural selection
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11
Q

Artificial Selection

A

Humans modify species over generations by breeding for specific traits. Darwin was able to argue that this could happen in nature.

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12
Q

What can evolve?

A

population

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13
Q

Evidence for Evolution (8)

A
  1. direct observations of evolutionary change
  2. homology (anatomical similarities)
  3. comparative embryology
  4. molecular comparisons
  5. vestigial structures
  6. convergent evolution (analogy)
  7. fossils
  8. biogeography
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14
Q

Theory of Natural Selection

A

A. more individuals are produced than can survive “struggle for existance”

B. Heritable variation within populations. Non-random survival and reproduction. Successful traits become more common.

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15
Q

Modern Synthesis (1930’s-40’s)

A

integrated natrual selection and medalian genetics

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16
Q
  • scala naturae - scale of organisms based on increasing complexity (towards perfection)
  • fixity of species
A

Aristotle

17
Q
  • classification system (still used)
  • binomial naming system (a nested sytem grouping similar species into increasingly general categories)
  • grouping based on the “pattern of their creation”, not evolutionary relationships
A

Carolus Linnaeus

18
Q

study of fossils

developed by Cuvier who did not believe in evolution

he believed in catastrophism

A

Paleontology

19
Q

idea that events happen suddenly and differently than today

A

Catastrophism

20
Q

idea that events occur gradually and still happen today

A

Hutton’s “gradualism”

21
Q

idea that events happen gradually, but at a constant rate and still happen today at a constant rate

A

Uniformitarianism

22
Q

Before Darwin

Wrong mostly, but got people thinking

first comprehensive theory of evolutionary change

Use and disuse, inherited acquired characterisitcs, species change over time (right), organisms strive for improvement, lineages did not branch or go extinct.

A

Jean Baptiste Lamark (1744-1829)

23
Q

Noticed island speices were similar to mainland ones, but were still different. Some were unique to islands.

A

biogeographical problems for Darwin

24
Q

Darwin’s competition

co-developer of natual selection

A

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

25
Q
  1. observation - historical evolution
  2. mechanism - natural selection
A

2 points Darwin tried to make in The Origen of Species

26
Q

Humans modify species over generations by breeding for specific traits. Darwin was able to argue that this could happen in nature.

A

Artificial Selection

27
Q

population

A

What can evolve?

28
Q
  1. direct observations of evolutionary change
  2. homology (anatomical similarities)
  3. comparative embryology
  4. molecular comparisons
  5. vestigial structures
  6. convergent evolution (analogy)
  7. fossils
  8. biogeography
A

Evidence for Evolution (8)

29
Q

A. more individuals are produced than can survive “struggle for existance”

B. Heritable variation within populations. Non-random survival and reproduction. Successful traits become more common.

A

Theory of Natural Selection

30
Q

integrated natrual selection and medalian genetics

A

Modern Synthesis (1930’s-40’s)

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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