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Biology 112 > Ch. 34 > Flashcards

Ch. 34 Flashcards

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1
Q

Defining characteristic of mammals (get name from)

A

mammary glands

(produce milk for offspring)

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2
Q

derived characters of mammals

A

mammals have:

mammary glands

hair

high metabolic rate (due to endothermy)

larger brain than other vertebrates of equal size

differentiated teeth (wide variety)

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3
Q

Synapsids

A

mammal-like reptiles

what mammals evolved from

two bones that formerly made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear

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4
Q

3 living lineages of mammals that emerged by the early cretaceous

A

monotremes

marsupials

eutherians

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5
Q

monotremes

A

lay eggs

spiny echidna, duck-billed platypus (only in Australia and New Guinea)

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6
Q

Marsupials

A

include opposums, kangaroos, and koalas

embryo develops within a placenta in the mother's uterus

born very early in development

completes its embryonic development while nursing in maternal pouch called a marsupium

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7
Q

Eutherians

A

placental mammals - young nourished through placenta

in Australia, converegent evolution has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that resemble the eutherians in other parts of the world

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8
Q

3 main groups of living primates

A

lemurs, lorises, pottos

tarsiers

anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

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9
Q

derived characters of primates

A

most have hands and feet adapted for grasping

flat nails

large brain

forward-looking eyes close together on face (for depth perception)

complex xocial behavior and parental care

a fully opposable thumb (monkeys and apes)

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10
Q

Old World Monkeys

A

colonized in Africa

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11
Q

New World Monkeys

A

colonized in South America

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12
Q

Lucy

A

Australopithecus afarensis

3.24 million years ago (rock layers this old)

oldest, most complete fossil that helped show these species were bipedal

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13
Q

extant

A

not extinct

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14
Q

hominins

A

fossils of extinct species that are more closely related to humans than chimps

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15
Q

australopiths

A

hominins that existed during the time period when hominin diversity drastically increased (4-2mya)

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16
Q

Which developed first, bipedal or large brain?

A

Bipedal before large brain

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17
Q

What does greater or lesser sexual dimorphism suggest about the social behavior of a species?

A

Greater dimorphism equates to more male-male competition. Less dimorphism (more similar sizes between male and female) equeates to more pair-bonding. They could pair-bonding because their young require greater parental care from both parents

18
Q

Homo sapiens

A

originated in Africa

160,000 year-old skull (195,000 earliest known fossil)

began migration out of Africa about 50,000 (100k?) years ago and went to Asia then Europe and Australia

hominid evolution is like a bush, not linear

species often coexisted

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) suggests we all share a common female ancestor (about 200,000years ago)

19
Q

Homo habilis

A

650 cc brain

simple stone tools

20
Q

H. ergaster/H.erectus (taxomic status still debated)

A

brain gradually increases (reaches 1200cc)

more sophisticated tools

originated in Africa and migrated to Indonesia

21
Q

H. neanderthalensis

A

evolved in Eurasia from H. erectus (about 200,000 years ago)

disappeared about 30,000years ago

humans didn't derive from Neanderthals

22
Q

mammary glands

(produce milk for offspring)

A

Defining characteristic of mammals (get name from)

23
Q

mammals have:

mammary glands

hair

high metabolic rate (due to endothermy)

larger brain than other vertebrates of equal size

differentiated teeth (wide variety)

A

derived characters of mammals

24
Q

mammal-like reptiles

what mammals evolved from

two bones that formerly made up the jaw joint were incorporated into the mammalian middle ear

A

Synapsids

25
Q

monotremes

marsupials

eutherians

A

3 living lineages of mammals that emerged by the early cretaceous

26
Q

lay eggs

spiny echidna, duck-billed platypus (only in Australia and New Guinea)

A

monotremes

27
Q

include opposums, kangaroos, and koalas

embryo develops within a placenta in the mother's uterus

born very early in development

completes its embryonic development while nursing in maternal pouch called a marsupium

A

Marsupials

28
Q

placental mammals - young nourished through placenta

in Australia, converegent evolution has resulted in a diversity of marsupials that resemble the eutherians in other parts of the world

A

Eutherians

29
Q

lemurs, lorises, pottos

tarsiers

anthropoids (monkeys and apes)

A

3 main groups of living primates

30
Q

most have hands and feet adapted for grasping

flat nails

large brain

forward-looking eyes close together on face (for depth perception)

complex xocial behavior and parental care

a fully opposable thumb (monkeys and apes)

A

derived characters of primates

31
Q

colonized in Africa

A

Old World Monkeys

32
Q

colonized in South America

A

New World Monkeys

33
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

3.24 million years ago (rock layers this old)

oldest, most complete fossil that helped show these species were bipedal

A

Lucy

34
Q

not extinct

A

extant

35
Q

fossils of extinct species that are more closely related to humans than chimps

A

hominins

36
Q

hominins that existed during the time period when hominin diversity drastically increased (4-2mya)

A

australopiths

37
Q

Bipedal before large brain

A

Which developed first, bipedal or large brain?

38
Q

Greater dimorphism equates to more male-male competition. Less dimorphism (more similar sizes between male and female) equeates to more pair-bonding. They could pair-bonding because their young require greater parental care from both parents

A

What does greater or lesser sexual dimorphism suggest about the social behavior of a species?

39
Q

originated in Africa

160,000 year-old skull (195,000 earliest known fossil)

began migration out of Africa about 50,000 (100k?) years ago and went to Asia then Europe and Australia

hominid evolution is like a bush, not linear

species often coexisted

mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) suggests we all share a common female ancestor (about 200,000years ago)

A

Homo sapiens

40
Q

650 cc brain

simple stone tools

A

Homo habilis

41
Q

brain gradually increases (reaches 1200cc)

more sophisticated tools

originated in Africa and migrated to Indonesia

A

H. ergaster/H.erectus (taxomic status still debated)

42
Q

evolved in Eurasia from H. erectus (about 200,000 years ago)

disappeared about 30,000years ago

humans didn't derive from Neanderthals

A

H. neanderthalensis

Biology 112 (17 decks)

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