Chapter 51: Animal Behavior Flashcards
Fixed action pattern
A sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
Unchangeable, once initiated usually carried to completion
Triggered by an external cue known as a sign stimulus
Signal
A stimulus transmitted from one organism to another that causes a change in another animal’s behavior
Innate behavior
A behavior that is developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals
Learning
The modification of behavior based on specific experiences
Imprinting
Imprinting includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible
It is distinguished from other learning by a sensitive period
- A limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned
Cognitive map
A representation in an animal’s nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in its surroundings
Associative learning
Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an neutral stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment
- Acquisition
- Extinction
- Spontaneous recovery
- Generalization
- Discrimination
Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment
- Positive-negative
- Reinforcement-punishment
Cognition
The process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment
Social learning
Learning through the observation of others
Forms the roots of culture
Non-associative learning
Simplest form of learning that does not require stimuli association or pairing
Occurs when an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus
- Habituation
- Dishabituation
- Sensitization- increase in responsiveness due to repeated application of a stimulus
Memory
Primarily goverened by the limbic system
- Thalmus
- Hypothalmus
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
Observational learning
Also known as modelling
Dependent on mirror neurons of the mirror system located in
- Premotor cortex
- Supplementary motor area
- Primary somatosensory cortex
- Inferior parietal cortex
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion (ELM)
Two main routes that play a role in delivering a persuassive message
- Central route- focuses on the content of the argument
- Peripheral route- an indirect route that peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
Considers several variables of the attitude change approach
- Source characteristics of the person delivering the message- expertise, knowledge, trustworthiness
- Message content like the logic and number of key points in the argument
- Audience characteristics such as mood, self esteem, and intelligence
Social cognitive theory
Emphasizes the interactions between people and their environment
- How we process, interpret, and respond to our environment
- How our past experiences, memories and expectations influence our behavior
Reciprocal determinism- people both shape and are shaped by their environment.
