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Medical Terminology Exam 1 > Chapter 5 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Vocabulary Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

absorption

A

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

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2
Q

amino acids

A

small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested

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3
Q

amylase

A

enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

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4
Q

anus

A

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

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5
Q

appendix

A

blind pouch hanging from the cecum; we can live without this organ

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6
Q

bile

A

digestive juice made int he liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

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7
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment released by the liver in bile. too much results in hyperbilirubemia causing jaundice and scleral icterus

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8
Q

bowel

A

intestine

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9
Q

canine teeth

A

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

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10
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine

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11
Q

colon

A

consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

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12
Q

common bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus

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13
Q

defecation

A

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

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14
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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15
Q

dentin

A

primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

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16
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

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17
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long

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18
Q

elimination

A

act of removal of materials from the body

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19
Q

emulsification

A

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

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20
Q

enamel

A

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

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21
Q

enzyme

A

chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in -ase

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22
Q

esophagus

A

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

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23
Q

fatty acids

A

substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids

24
Q

feces

A

solid wastes; stool

25
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac under the liver; stores bile

26
Q

glucose

A

simple sugar (coke, candy, sweets)

27
Q

glycogen

A

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

28
Q

hydrochloric acid

A

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

29
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine

30
Q

incisor

A

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

31
Q

insulin

A

hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans); transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

32
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine

33
Q

lipase

A

pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats

34
Q

liver

A

large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2.5-3 pounds

35
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter

36
Q

mastication

A

chewing

37
Q

molar teeth

A

sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch

38
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth

39
Q

pancreas

A

organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

40
Q

papillae (singular papilla)

A

small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue

41
Q

parotid gland

A

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

42
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

43
Q

pharynx

A

throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

44
Q

portal vein

A

large vein bringing blood to the lover from the intestines

45
Q

protease

A

enzyme that digests protein

46
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

47
Q

pylorus

A

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

48
Q

rectum

A

last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

49
Q

rugae

A

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

50
Q

saliva

A

digestive juices produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase “mouth watering”

51
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

52
Q

sigmoid colon

A

fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

53
Q

sphincter

A

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

54
Q

stomach

A

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

55
Q

triglyerides

A

fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids=excess sugar is stored as this type

56
Q

uvula

A

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

57
Q

villi (singular villus)

A

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream

Medical Terminology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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