Chapter 5 Vocabulary Flashcards
absorption
passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
amino acids
small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested
amylase
enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
anus
terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
appendix
blind pouch hanging from the cecum; we can live without this organ
bile
digestive juice made int he liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts
bilirubin
pigment released by the liver in bile. too much results in hyperbilirubemia causing jaundice and scleral icterus
bowel
intestine
canine teeth
pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth
cecum
first part of the large intestine
colon
consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments
common bile duct
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus
defecation
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
deglutition
swallowing
dentin
primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
digestion
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
duodenum
first part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long
elimination
act of removal of materials from the body
emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules
enamel
hard, outermost layer of a tooth
enzyme
chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in -ase
esophagus
tube connecting the throat to the stomach
fatty acids
substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids
feces
solid wastes; stool
gallbladder
small sac under the liver; stores bile
glucose
simple sugar (coke, candy, sweets)
glycogen
starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
hydrochloric acid
substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
ileum
third part of the small intestine
incisor
one of four front teeth in the dental arch
insulin
hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans); transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
jejunum
second part of the small intestine
lipase
pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats
liver
large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2.5-3 pounds
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter
mastication
chewing
molar teeth
sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
palate
roof of the mouth
pancreas
organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
papillae (singular papilla)
small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue
parotid gland
salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
pharynx
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the lover from the intestines
protease
enzyme that digests protein
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
rectum
last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
saliva
digestive juices produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase “mouth watering”
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
sigmoid colon
fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
triglyerides
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids=excess sugar is stored as this type
uvula
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
villi (singular villus)
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
