Chapter 5 Vocabulary

Question 1

absorption

Answer 1

passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

Question 2

amino acids

Answer 2

small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested

Question 3

amylase

Answer 3

enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch

Question 4

anus

Answer 4

terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body

Question 5

appendix

Answer 5

blind pouch hanging from the cecum; we can live without this organ

Question 6

bile

Answer 6

digestive juice made int he liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules; composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts

Question 7

bilirubin

Answer 7

pigment released by the liver in bile. too much results in hyperbilirubemia causing jaundice and scleral icterus

Question 8

bowel

Answer 8

intestine

Question 9

canine teeth

Answer 9

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth

Question 10

cecum

Answer 10

first part of the large intestine

Question 11

colon

Answer 11

consists of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments

Question 12

common bile duct

Answer 12

carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum; also called the choledochus

Question 13

defecation

Answer 13

elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus

Question 14

deglutition

Answer 14

swallowing

Question 15

dentin

Answer 15

primary material found in teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root

Question 16

digestion

Answer 16

breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms

Question 17

duodenum

Answer 17

first part of the small intestine; measures 12 inches long

Question 18

elimination

Answer 18

act of removal of materials from the body

Question 19

emulsification

Answer 19

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules

Question 20

enamel

Answer 20

hard, outermost layer of a tooth

Question 21

enzyme

Answer 21

chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; enzyme names end in -ase

Question 22

esophagus

Answer 22

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

Question 23

fatty acids

Answer 23

substances produced when fats are digested; a category of lipids

Question 24

feces

Answer 24

solid wastes; stool

Question 25

gallbladder

Answer 25

small sac under the liver; stores bile

Question 26

glucose

Answer 26

simple sugar (coke, candy, sweets)

Question 27

glycogen

Answer 27

starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells

Question 28

hydrochloric acid

Answer 28

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food

Question 29

ileum

Answer 29

third part of the small intestine

Question 30

incisor

Answer 30

one of four front teeth in the dental arch

Question 31

insulin

Answer 31

hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans); transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver

Question 32

jejunum

Answer 32

second part of the small intestine

Question 33

lipase

Answer 33

pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats

Question 34

liver

Answer 34

large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out RBCs; filters out toxins; normal adult liver weighs about 2.5-3 pounds

Question 35

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Answer 35

ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; cardiac sphincter

Question 36

mastication

Answer 36

chewing

Question 37

molar teeth

Answer 37

sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch

Question 38

palate

Answer 38

roof of the mouth

Question 39

pancreas

Answer 39

organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

Question 40

papillae (singular papilla)

Answer 40

small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue

Question 41

parotid gland

Answer 41

salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear

Question 42

peristalsis

Answer 42

rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

Question 43

pharynx

Answer 43

throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose

Question 44

portal vein

Answer 44

large vein bringing blood to the lover from the intestines

Question 45

protease

Answer 45

enzyme that digests protein

Question 46

pyloric sphincter

Answer 46

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum; opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it

Question 47

pylorus

Answer 47

distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum

Question 48

rectum

Answer 48

last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus

Question 49

rugae

Answer 49

ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach

Question 50

saliva

Answer 50

digestive juices produced by salivary glands; contains the enzyme amylase "mouth watering"

Question 51

salivary glands

Answer 51

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Question 52

sigmoid colon

Answer 52

fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum

Question 53

sphincter

Answer 53

circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening

Question 54

stomach

Answer 54

muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus

Question 55

triglyerides

Answer 55

fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup of lipids=excess sugar is stored as this type

Question 56

uvula

Answer 56

soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate

Question 57

villi (singular villus)

Answer 57

microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream