Chapter 2 Flashcards
Structural Organization of the Body
cells
tissues
organs
systems
Major parts of a cell:
chromosomes nucleus cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
Surrounds and protects the cell and also regulates what passes into and out of the cell.
nucleus
Controls the operations of the cell; directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell
chromosomes
rod-like structures within the nucleus
genes
Regions on chromosmes
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome
karyotype
A photograph of an individual’s chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and number.
cytoplasm
“Cell formation;” includes all of the material outside the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane.
mitochondria
Small sausage shaped bodies that provide the principal source of energy for the cell.
catabolism
Chemical process where complex foods such as sugar and fat are broken down into simpler substances and energy is released by the mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
A network of canals within the cell that manufacture proteins for the cell.
anabolism
The process of building long chains for proteins that occurs in the ER.
metabolism
the total of the chemical processes (anabolism and catabolism) occurring in a cell.
different tissue types
epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
connective tissue
nerve tissue
adipose tissue
collection of fat cells
cartilage
flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints.
epithelial tissues
skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces or organs
histologist
specialist in the study of tissues
larynx
“voice box”; located at the upper part of the trachea
pharynx
throat; serves as the common passageway for food and air
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
ureter
one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder
urethra
tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
uterus
the womb; the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops
viscera
internal organs
Cranial body cavities and organs
brain
Thoracic body cavities and organs
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta, pleural cavity, mediastinum
Abdominal body cavities and organs
stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, peritoneum
Pelvic body cavities and organs
portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters, uterus, and vagina in female
Spinal body cavities and organs
nerves of the spinal cord
diaphragm
muscular wall that divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities
peritoneum
surrounds abdomical viscera
pleura
covers the lungs
periosteum
protects bones
abdominopelvic regions
hypochondriac- right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
epigastric- middle upper region above the stomach
lumbar- right and left middle regions near the waist
umbilical- central region near the navel
inguinal- right and left lower regions near the groin (aka iliac regions)
hypogastric- middle lower region below the umbilical region
