Chapter 5 Tissue Organization Flashcards
What are the general locations of epithelial tissue
- covers body and organ surfaces
- lines body and organ cavities
- forms some glands
What are some common characteristics of epithelial tissues
- composed of 1 or more layers of closely packed cells
- contains little to no extracellular matrix
- has polarity
- is avascular
- has high regeneration capacity
What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue
1.) physical protection
2.) selective permeability
3.) secretions
4.) sensations
Where is the only place in the body where transitional epithelial tissue is
urinary bladder
What is the structure, function, and location of the simple squamous epithelium
Structure: single layer of flat cells; thinnest barrier
Function: allows rapid movement of molecules across the surface
Location: Lines air sacs of lungs(alveoli), vessel walls(endothelium), serous membranes(mesothelium)
What is the structure, function, and location of the simple cuboidal epithelium
Structure: single layer of uniformly shaped cells; spherical nucleus in middle of cell
Function: designed for absorption and secretion
Location: ideal for structural components of glands
What is the structure, function, and location of the nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
Structure: single layer, contain microvilli, has unicellular glands(goblet cells) that secrete glycoprotein(mucin)
Function: absorption and secretion
Location: lines most of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anal canal
What is the structure, function, and location of the Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Structure: single layer, oval shaped nucleus, cilia project from apical surface, goblet cells present
Function: secretion and movement
Location: lines bronchioles and the uterine tubes(cilia help move oocytes from the ovary to the uterus
What is the structure, function, and location of the Ciliated Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium
Structure: single layer of cells with varying heights, contains cilia, and goblet cells
Function: protection via secretion and movement
Location: large passageways of the respiratory system
What is the structure, function, and location of the Nonciliated Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium
Structure: rare, single layer of cells with varying height, lacks cilia and goblet cells
Function: protective
Location: occurs mainly in the male urethra and epididymis
What is the structure, function, and location of the Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Structure: multiple cell layers, top layer of cells are dead(have no nucleus and are filled with keratin)
Function: protection from abrasion
Location: epidermis
What is the structure, function, and location of the Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Structure: multiple cell layers, all cells alive and kept moist with secretions(saliva/mucus), microscopic visible nuclei
Function: protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location: lines the oral cavity, part of the pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Structure: two or more layers of cells, superficial cells are cuboidal in shape
Function: protection and secretion: forms tubes and coverings
Location: forms walls of ducts in most exocrine glands, sweat glands, parts of male urethra, periphery of ovarian follicles
What is the structure, function, and location of the Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Structure: two or more layers of cells, rare, columnar cells at apical cells
Functions: protects and secretes
Location: found in large ducts of salivary glands, parts of male urethra
What is the definition of glands
individual or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue that secrete substances for use or elimination by the body
What are examples of substances that are secreted by glands
mucin, hormones, or enzymes
What’s the definition of an endocrine gland
lacks ducts and secrete their products(hormones) directly into the blood
What’s the definition of an exocrine gland
may have ducts and secrete their products(sweat or salivary) onto epithelial surfaces
What are simple glands
have a single, unbranched duct
What are compound glands
have branched ducts
What are tubular glands
secretory portion and duct have the same diameter
What are acinar glands
the secretory portion forms an expanded sac
what is a tubloacinar gland
composed of tubules and an acini sac
What is an acini
a cluster of cells that produce a secretion
What do merocrine glands do
package secretion into secretory vesicles and release the secretions by exocytosis
What do apocrine glands do
produce their secretion by pinching off their secretory product
What is connective tissue
the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed of the tissues; vascular
what are residential cells and what kind of tissue is it in
stationary cells housed in connective tissue
What are fibroblasts and what type of tissue is it in
most abundant resident cells that produce fibers and ground substance of the ECM
What are Adipocytes and what tissue are they in
(fat cells) create adipose tissue; connective tissue
What are Mesenchymal cells and what tissue are they found in
an embryonic cell that divides after tissue damage
What are fixed macrophages and what tissue is it found in
derive from white blood cells, and they phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens, also release chemicals that stimulate the immune system and attract wandering cells to the tissue; connective
What are wandering cells and what tissue is it found in
move throughout tissue, are components of the immune system, help repair damaged ECM; arise from leukocytes and protect body from harm; connective
What is the function of a mast cell and what tissue is it found in
they secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessel; connective
Where do plasma cells come from, what is their function, and what tissue is it found in
arise from B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies
What are free macrophages and what tissue is it found in
mobile, phagocytic cells that wander the tissue
What are the other leukocytes in connective tissue and what do they do
neutrophils and T-lymphocytes; attack foreign materials
What are the 3 protein fibers(just list them)
collagen, reticular, elastic
What are collagen fibers
long fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching
What are reticular fibers
fibers that contain the same protein subunits found in collagen; produces an interwoven framework that is tough but flexible
What are elastic fibers
fibers that contain elastin and have the ability to stretch and recoil easily
What is ground substance in connective tissue
non-cellular material produced by connective tissue cells that interact with protein fibers to form the ECM
What are the 3 types of molecules located in ground substance
glycosaminoglycans(GAGs), proteoglycan, adherent glycoproteins
What are glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)
a polysaccharide that attracts and absorbs water affecting the fluidity of the ECM
What is the function adherent glycoproteins
act like glue to bond connective tissue cells and fibers to the ground substance
What is a proteoglycan
a GAG linked to a protein
What are the functions of connective tissue
physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, and immune protection
What are the 3 types of connective tissue
1.) Connective Tissue Proper
2.) Supportive Connective Tissue
3.) Fluid Connective Tissue
What are the two types of Connective tissue proper
- loose connective tissue
- dense connective tissue
What is the structure and function of loose connective tissue(an examples)
fewer cells and protein fibers than dense connective tissue; support surrounding structures in the body
ex. areolar, adipose, reticular
What is the structure and function of dense connective tissue(and examples)
composed primarily of fibers with less ground substance than loose connective tissue
ex. regular, irregular, and elastic
What is the function and location of areolar connective tissue
Function: protects, binds, and provides nourishment
Location: the papillary layer of the dermis, subcutaneous layer, surrounding organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood cells
What are the functions and locations of adipose connective tissue
Functions: stores energy, insulates, cushions, and protects
Locations: subcutaneous layer, around some organs
What are the functions and locations of reticular CT
Functions: provides supportive, structural framework of lymphatic organs
Locations: spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
What are the functions and Locations of dense regular CT
Function: attaches bone to bone, resists stress in one direction
Locations: tendons and ligaments, few blood vessels
What are the functions and locations of dense irregular CT
Functions: provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions
Locations: dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, capsules around internal organs
What is the function and location of elastic CT
Function: allows to stretch and recoil
Location: walls of large arteries, trachea, and vocal cords
What are the 2 types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage(elastic, hyaline, and fibrous) and bone
What is cartilage and how does it differ from CT proper
firm, semisolid ECM with collagen and elastic fibers; it is stronger and more resilient than connective tissue proper
What is bones and its function
makes up a solid ECM that provides support to the body by providing levers for movement; provides support to soft tissues and protects vital body organs
What are chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells
What are lacunae
small spaces within cartilage ECM that house chondrocytes
What is the perichondrium
dense irregular connective tissue covering that surrounds cartilage
What are the functions and locations of hyaline cartilage
Function: support
Locations: nose, trace, larynx, costal cartilage, articular ends of long bones, most of fetal skeleton
What are the functions and locations of fibrocartilage
Functions: weight-bearing resists compression; acts as a shock absorber
Locations: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint
What are the functions and locations of elastic cartilage
Functions: maintains shape; provides flexibility
Locations: external ear and epiglottis
What does an osteoblast do
deposits bone matrix
What are osteocytes and what do they do
mature bone cells; maintains bone tissue
What are the 2 types of bone tissue
compact bone: a form of perforated bone created by osteons
spongy bone: a latticework of bone connective tissue that is very strong and lightweight
What are the two classifications of fluid connective tissue
Blood and lymph
What are the formed elements of blood
erythrocytes(RBC’s), leukocytes(WBC’s), and cellular fragments called platelets(thrombocytes)
What is the element that is within blood and is a liquid ground substance
plasma
What is lymph
a liquid ground substance with no cellular components of fragments
