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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 5 Tissue Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Tissue Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general locations of epithelial tissue

A
  • covers body and organ surfaces
  • lines body and organ cavities
  • forms some glands
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2
Q

What are some common characteristics of epithelial tissues

A
  • composed of 1 or more layers of closely packed cells
  • contains little to no extracellular matrix
  • has polarity
  • is avascular
  • has high regeneration capacity
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3
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue

A

1.) physical protection
2.) selective permeability
3.) secretions
4.) sensations

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4
Q

Where is the only place in the body where transitional epithelial tissue is

A

urinary bladder

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5
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the simple squamous epithelium

A

Structure: single layer of flat cells; thinnest barrier
Function: allows rapid movement of molecules across the surface
Location: Lines air sacs of lungs(alveoli), vessel walls(endothelium), serous membranes(mesothelium)

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6
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Structure: single layer of uniformly shaped cells; spherical nucleus in middle of cell
Function: designed for absorption and secretion
Location: ideal for structural components of glands

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7
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Structure: single layer, contain microvilli, has unicellular glands(goblet cells) that secrete glycoprotein(mucin)
Function: absorption and secretion
Location: lines most of the digestive tract from the stomach to the anal canal

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8
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: single layer, oval shaped nucleus, cilia project from apical surface, goblet cells present
Function: secretion and movement
Location: lines bronchioles and the uterine tubes(cilia help move oocytes from the ovary to the uterus

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9
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the Ciliated Pseudo-stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: single layer of cells with varying heights, contains cilia, and goblet cells
Function: protection via secretion and movement
Location: large passageways of the respiratory system

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10
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the Nonciliated Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: rare, single layer of cells with varying height, lacks cilia and goblet cells
Function: protective
Location: occurs mainly in the male urethra and epididymis

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11
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Structure: multiple cell layers, top layer of cells are dead(have no nucleus and are filled with keratin)
Function: protection from abrasion
Location: epidermis

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12
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Structure: multiple cell layers, all cells alive and kept moist with secretions(saliva/mucus), microscopic visible nuclei
Function: protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location: lines the oral cavity, part of the pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus

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13
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Structure: two or more layers of cells, superficial cells are cuboidal in shape
Function: protection and secretion: forms tubes and coverings
Location: forms walls of ducts in most exocrine glands, sweat glands, parts of male urethra, periphery of ovarian follicles

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14
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of the Stratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Structure: two or more layers of cells, rare, columnar cells at apical cells
Functions: protects and secretes
Location: found in large ducts of salivary glands, parts of male urethra

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15
Q

What is the definition of glands

A

individual or multicellular organs composed of epithelial tissue that secrete substances for use or elimination by the body

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16
Q

What are examples of substances that are secreted by glands

A

mucin, hormones, or enzymes

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17
Q

What’s the definition of an endocrine gland

A

lacks ducts and secrete their products(hormones) directly into the blood

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18
Q

What’s the definition of an exocrine gland

A

may have ducts and secrete their products(sweat or salivary) onto epithelial surfaces

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19
Q

What are simple glands

A

have a single, unbranched duct

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20
Q

What are compound glands

A

have branched ducts

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21
Q

What are tubular glands

A

secretory portion and duct have the same diameter

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22
Q

What are acinar glands

A

the secretory portion forms an expanded sac

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23
Q

what is a tubloacinar gland

A

composed of tubules and an acini sac

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24
Q

What is an acini

A

a cluster of cells that produce a secretion

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25
Q

What do merocrine glands do

A

package secretion into secretory vesicles and release the secretions by exocytosis

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26
Q

What do apocrine glands do

A

produce their secretion by pinching off their secretory product

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27
Q

What is connective tissue

A

the most diverse, abundant, and widely distributed of the tissues; vascular

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28
Q

what are residential cells and what kind of tissue is it in

A

stationary cells housed in connective tissue

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29
Q

What are fibroblasts and what type of tissue is it in

A

most abundant resident cells that produce fibers and ground substance of the ECM

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30
Q

What are Adipocytes and what tissue are they in

A

(fat cells) create adipose tissue; connective tissue

31
Q

What are Mesenchymal cells and what tissue are they found in

A

an embryonic cell that divides after tissue damage

32
Q

What are fixed macrophages and what tissue is it found in

A

derive from white blood cells, and they phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens, also release chemicals that stimulate the immune system and attract wandering cells to the tissue; connective

33
Q

What are wandering cells and what tissue is it found in

A

move throughout tissue, are components of the immune system, help repair damaged ECM; arise from leukocytes and protect body from harm; connective

34
Q

What is the function of a mast cell and what tissue is it found in

A

they secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessel; connective

35
Q

Where do plasma cells come from, what is their function, and what tissue is it found in

A

arise from B-lymphocytes and produce antibodies

36
Q

What are free macrophages and what tissue is it found in

A

mobile, phagocytic cells that wander the tissue

37
Q

What are the other leukocytes in connective tissue and what do they do

A

neutrophils and T-lymphocytes; attack foreign materials

38
Q

What are the 3 protein fibers(just list them)

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

39
Q

What are collagen fibers

A

long fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching

40
Q

What are reticular fibers

A

fibers that contain the same protein subunits found in collagen; produces an interwoven framework that is tough but flexible

41
Q

What are elastic fibers

A

fibers that contain elastin and have the ability to stretch and recoil easily

42
Q

What is ground substance in connective tissue

A

non-cellular material produced by connective tissue cells that interact with protein fibers to form the ECM

43
Q

What are the 3 types of molecules located in ground substance

A

glycosaminoglycans(GAGs), proteoglycan, adherent glycoproteins

44
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans(GAGs)

A

a polysaccharide that attracts and absorbs water affecting the fluidity of the ECM

45
Q

What is the function adherent glycoproteins

A

act like glue to bond connective tissue cells and fibers to the ground substance

46
Q

What is a proteoglycan

A

a GAG linked to a protein

47
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A

physical protection, support and structural framework, binding of structures, storage, transport, and immune protection

48
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue

A

1.) Connective Tissue Proper
2.) Supportive Connective Tissue
3.) Fluid Connective Tissue

49
Q

What are the two types of Connective tissue proper

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • dense connective tissue
50
Q

What is the structure and function of loose connective tissue(an examples)

A

fewer cells and protein fibers than dense connective tissue; support surrounding structures in the body
ex. areolar, adipose, reticular

51
Q

What is the structure and function of dense connective tissue(and examples)

A

composed primarily of fibers with less ground substance than loose connective tissue
ex. regular, irregular, and elastic

52
Q

What is the function and location of areolar connective tissue

A

Function: protects, binds, and provides nourishment
Location: the papillary layer of the dermis, subcutaneous layer, surrounding organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood cells

53
Q

What are the functions and locations of adipose connective tissue

A

Functions: stores energy, insulates, cushions, and protects
Locations: subcutaneous layer, around some organs

54
Q

What are the functions and locations of reticular CT

A

Functions: provides supportive, structural framework of lymphatic organs
Locations: spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

55
Q

What are the functions and Locations of dense regular CT

A

Function: attaches bone to bone, resists stress in one direction
Locations: tendons and ligaments, few blood vessels

56
Q

What are the functions and locations of dense irregular CT

A

Functions: provides support and resistance to stress in multiple directions
Locations: dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, capsules around internal organs

57
Q

What is the function and location of elastic CT

A

Function: allows to stretch and recoil
Location: walls of large arteries, trachea, and vocal cords

58
Q

What are the 2 types of supporting connective tissue

A

cartilage(elastic, hyaline, and fibrous) and bone

59
Q

What is cartilage and how does it differ from CT proper

A

firm, semisolid ECM with collagen and elastic fibers; it is stronger and more resilient than connective tissue proper

60
Q

What is bones and its function

A

makes up a solid ECM that provides support to the body by providing levers for movement; provides support to soft tissues and protects vital body organs

61
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells

62
Q

What are lacunae

A

small spaces within cartilage ECM that house chondrocytes

63
Q

What is the perichondrium

A

dense irregular connective tissue covering that surrounds cartilage

64
Q

What are the functions and locations of hyaline cartilage

A

Function: support
Locations: nose, trace, larynx, costal cartilage, articular ends of long bones, most of fetal skeleton

65
Q

What are the functions and locations of fibrocartilage

A

Functions: weight-bearing resists compression; acts as a shock absorber
Locations: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of knee joint

66
Q

What are the functions and locations of elastic cartilage

A

Functions: maintains shape; provides flexibility
Locations: external ear and epiglottis

67
Q

What does an osteoblast do

A

deposits bone matrix

68
Q

What are osteocytes and what do they do

A

mature bone cells; maintains bone tissue

69
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue

A

compact bone: a form of perforated bone created by osteons
spongy bone: a latticework of bone connective tissue that is very strong and lightweight

70
Q

What are the two classifications of fluid connective tissue

A

Blood and lymph

71
Q

What are the formed elements of blood

A

erythrocytes(RBC’s), leukocytes(WBC’s), and cellular fragments called platelets(thrombocytes)

72
Q

What is the element that is within blood and is a liquid ground substance

A

plasma

73
Q

What is lymph

A

a liquid ground substance with no cellular components of fragments

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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