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Anatomy 1 > Chapt 3 > Flashcards

Chapt 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy

A

Capacity to do work

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2
Q

What is chemical energy & what class of energy is it

A

Energy stored in a molecule’s chemical bonds

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3
Q

What are the important molecules that function in chemical energy for humans

A

Triglycerides= long term energy storage
Glucose = short term energy storage
ATP = immediate energy usage

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4
Q

What is an exergonic reaction

A

Energy is released during the course of a breakdown (ex. Decomposition reaction)

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5
Q

What is an endergonic reaction

A

Energy is put into a reaction (ex. Synthesis reaction)

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6
Q

What kind of classification of a chemical reaction is when reactants converted to products that at a rate that yields a total loss of reactants and a total gain in products

A

Irreversible reactions: A + B-> AB or AB-> A+B

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7
Q

What kind of classification of a chemical reaction is when reactants become products at a rate equal to products becoming reactants (when equilibrium is reached)

A

Reversible reaction: ex: A+B <—> AB

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8
Q

What is the ATP cycling

A

Continuous formation & breakdown of ATP; includes ATP formation(endergonic reaction: synthesis) & ATP splitting (exergonic reaction; decomposition)

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9
Q

What is a reaction rate

A

Measure of now quickly a chemical reaction takes place; determines the amount of product formed per time

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10
Q

What is activation energy

A

Energy required to break existing chemical bonds for the chemical reaction to proceed

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11
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biologically active catalyst; speed up reaction by lowering the activation energy

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12
Q

What is the enzyme structure

A

Globular proteins with a unique 3D structure

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13
Q

What is an active site

A

Site where enzymes bind substrates

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14
Q

What is an enzyme - substrate complex

A

Structure that is formed when an enzyme is bound to its substrate @ the active size

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15
Q

An enzyme binds to ______ substrate, therefore an enzyme can catalyze ______ type of reaction

A

1

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16
Q

What are the fates of enzymes

A

Remain in cell, become embedded in the plasma membrane, secreted from the cell

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17
Q

What are the steps in an enzymatic reaction

A

1.) substrate binds to active site of enzyme: creates enzyme substrate complex
2.) an induced fit mold of the enzyme occurs that causes the enzyme to bind the substrate tighter
3.) stress is applied to the substrates chemical bonds, lowering Ea and break bonds
4.) product of the reaction is released from the enzyme and the enzyme repeats process

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18
Q

What is the effect of enzyme & substrate concentration

A

Rate of chemical reaction is accelerated by an increase in enzyme concentration or substrate concentration

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19
Q

What is involved with enzyme saturation

A

So much substrate is present that all enzymes specific to that substrate are actively engaged in the chemical reaction, results in no more reactions occurring & no increases in reaction rates

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20
Q

What are the effects of temp on enzyme reactions & what point does it start to denature

A

Temp increase = enzyme activity increase; 104°F

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21
Q

What are effects of pH on enzyme reactions & what is optimal

A

Increase in H+ ->acidic environment->denaturation of enzyme
decrease in H+->basic environment->denaturation of enzyme
optimal pH: between 6 & 8

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22
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Multistep metabolic pathway that disassembles organic molecules (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) by a series of enzymes

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23
Q

What are the processes of cellular respiration

A

1.) processes exergonic or energy releasing
2.) molecules are oxidized bc they release high-energy electrons
3.) energy released synthesis ATP LAN endergonic or energy- requiring)
4) O2 is required for max ATP production

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24
Q

What is glucose oxidation

A

Occurs within cells & is an enzymatic breakdown of glucose & energy release; all to create ATP

25
Q

Energy transfer from bonds in the glucose molecule can be used _____________ or ______________

A

Directly or indirectly

26
Q

What are the 2 pathways for ATP production

A
  • Substrate-level phosphorylation: direct method for synthesizing ATP
  • oxidative phosphorylation: indirect method, where energy is first released to coenzymes (NAD+, FAD) & then transferred toagain to form ATP
27
Q

Complete oxidation of glucose occurs within

A

Cytosol: semifluid portion of cell
Mitochondria :organelle within the cell (powerhouse)

28
Q

what are the four stages of cellular respiration

A

1.) Glycolysis
2.) Intermediate stage
3.) Citric Acid Cycle(CAC)
4.) Electron Transport Systems(ETS)
*#’s 2,3,&4 are aerobic cellular respiration

29
Q

What is glycolysis

A

1st process that occurs(cellular respiration)in the cytosol & doesn’t require oxygen

30
Q

What are the substrates and products of glycolysis

A

substrate: glucose
products: 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

31
Q

How is glycolysis regulated

A

Negative feedback

32
Q

when sufficient oxygen is present, pyruvate

A

enters the mitochondrion to complete aerobic breakdown

33
Q

when insufficient oxygen is present

A

pyruvate is converted to lactate

34
Q

Where does the intermediate stage of cellular respiration occur

A

Mitochondria of cell

35
Q

Does the intermediate stage of cellular respiration need oxygen

A

Yes

36
Q

What is decarboxylation & in what stage of cellular respiration does it occur

A

The release of carbon dioxide from pyruvate; intermediate stage

37
Q

What are the substrates & products in the intermediate stage & energy

A

substrate: 2 Pyruvate & a molecule of coenzyme A (CoA)
products: 2 acetyl CoA(1 per pyruvate), 1 CO2 per pyruvate

38
Q

How many rounds of the intermediate stage

A

2 rounds, 1 per pyruvate molecule

39
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur and does it need oxygen

A

occurs in mitochondria and requires oxygen

40
Q

What are the substrates & products within the citric acid cycle; & energy

A

substrates: Acetyl CoA(2 total)
products: 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2(all per acetyl CoA)

41
Q

What part of the cellular respiration involves the transfer of electrons(energy) from the coenzymes NADH and FADH2

A

Electron transport system

42
Q

What are the 3 structures of the electron transport system

A

H+ pumps, electron carriers, & ATP synthetase enzyme

43
Q

what are H+ pumps and what is their function in the electron transport system

A

Proteins that transport H+ from the matrix to the outer membrane space; helps maintain a H+ gradient between matrix & outer compartment

44
Q

What are electron carriers & what is their function in the election transport system

A

H+ proton pumps; transport electrons between the H+ pumps

45
Q

what is ATP synthetase enzyme function in the election transport system

A

Allows for H+ passage from the outer compartment into the matrix

46
Q

What is the process of forming ATP called

& why

A

Oxidative phosphorylation because O2 is & ATP becomes phosphorylated

47
Q

What does the enzyme hydrolase do

A

splits a chemical bond using water

48
Q

What does the enzyme isomerase do

A

converts one isomer to another

49
Q

What does the enzyme ligase do

A

bonds two molecules together

50
Q

what does the enzyme lyase do

A

splits a chemical bond in the absence of water

51
Q

what does the enzyme dehydrogenase

A

move hydrogens between molecules

52
Q

what does the enzyme kinases do

A

transfer phosphate groups between molecules

53
Q

what does the enzyme polymerases do

A

form polymers in DNA or RNA

54
Q

most enzymes are ___________ proteins

A

globular

55
Q

when electrons are removed in a chemical reaction, the molecule has been _____________

A

oxidized

56
Q

When electrons have been added in a chemical reaction, the molecule has been _______________

A

reduced

57
Q

what does the enzyme oxidoreductase do

A

transfers electrons from one substrate to another

58
Q

what does the enzyme transferase do

A

transfers functional groups

Anatomy 1 (5 decks)

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