Chapter 2 Flashcards
what is the mass and charge of a neutron
1 amu; no charge
what is the mass and charge of a proton
1 amu; positively charged
what is the mass and charge of an electron
no mass; negatively
what is an atom or group of atoms with either a positive or negative charge called
ion
what is a cation
reaches stability by losing electron; becomes positively charged
what are common cations in the body
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+
what is an anion.
Reaches stability by gaining an electron (negatively charged)
What are common anions in the body
Cl-, HCOsub3-, POsub4^3-
what is an ionic bond between
a positively charged cation and negatively charged anion
what is an ionic compound
structure produced when oppositely charged ions are held together by ionic bonds
when is a covalent bonded molecule created
when elements share electrons
when does a molecular compound form
when two or more different elements sharing electrons
what are examples of compounds
COsub2, water
what are examples of molecules
Osub2, Hsub2
what is a single covalent bond
one pair of electrons are shared between two atoms
what is a double covalent bond
two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
what is a triple covalent bond
what 3 pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
what is the relative attraction each atom has for electrons
electronegativity
what is a non polar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons between atoms
what is a polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
what is an example of a non polar molecule
Osub2
what is an example of a polar molecule
H2O
what is an amphipathic molecule
molecules that contain both non polar and polar components
what is an example of an amphipathic molecule
phospholipid
is water polar or non polar
polar
what is a solvent
the liquid that dissolves a solute; in the body it is water
what is a solute
substance dissolved in water based off of their chemical properties
what is the universal solvent
water
what are substances that dissolve in water
ions and polar molecules
what does dissolve mean
the ability for a polar molecule to disperse in liquid
what is a hydrophilic substance
a substance that dissolves in water
what is the hydration shell
the surrounding of a hydrophilic substance with water molecules
what does dissociate mean
substances pull apart and separate in water
What are electrolytes
substances that dissolve and dissociate in water that can conduct electricity
what are examples of electrolytes
salts, acids, and bases
what are nonelectrolytes
substances that remain intact when introduced to water and do not conduct electricity
what is an example of a nonelectrolyte
glucose
what molecules do not dissolve in water
non polar
what does hydrophobic mean
non polar molecules that do not dissolve in water
what is hydrophobic exclusion and what makes this occur
the forcing out of non polar molecules due to the hydrogen bonds between neighboring water molecules
what is hydrophobic interaction
the interaction between molecules of the “excluded” non polar substance
What do amphipathic molecules have
non polar and polar molecules
what happens when an amphipathic molecules is put into water
the polar part dissolves while the non polar region is expelled from the water
What two ions are produced when water dissociates
hydrogen ion(H^+) and hydroxide(OH^-); they are equally produced
what is an acid
a substance that dissociates in water and gives away a H+ and an anion
Which (base or acid) is a proton donor
Acid
What is a base
Substance that accepts H+ when added to a solution; decreases concentration of free H+
Which (base or acid) is a proton acceptor
Base
Definition of pH
Measure of the relative amounts of H+ in the solution
pH scale ranges from 0-14, what range is basic, neutral, & acidic
Basic: 8-14, acidic: 1-6, neutral :7
pH has an ____________ relationship with H+ concentration
Inverse; when H+ concentration goes up, pH goes down and vice verse
In an acidic solution, it has ___________ concentration of H+ and a __________ concentration of OH-
Higher; lower
In an basic solution, it has ___________ concentration of H+ and a __________ concentration of OH-
Lower; higher
What is neutralization
When an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral pH
What is a buffer
Single substance or an associated group of substances that help pH changes if either excess acid or base is added
What is a buffer action
Either accepts H+ from excess acid or donates H+ to neutralize the excess base
How are mixtures formed
By combining 2 or more substances
Mixtures are substances that are mixed, not ______________ changed, the substances in the mixture ________ be separated by physical means
Chemically; can
A type of water mixture when the material is larger in size than 1mm is mixed with water and does not remain mixed unless in motion
Suspension
What is an example of a suspension
Blood cells w/ plasma
Type of water mixture that has medium size particles and remains mixed when not in motion
Colloid
Example of a colloid
Fluid in blood plasma
Type of water mixture that is homogenous in which a substance smaller than I nanometer is dissolved in water
Solution
Example of a solution
Sugar in water
definition of concentration
Amount of solute dissolved in a solution
What does the expression of concentration Mass/Volume(M/V) mean
Mass of solute per volume of solution
What does the expression of concentration Mass/volume percent(M/v) mean
Grams of solute per 100 milliliters of solution (ex. Intravenous solution)
What does the expression of concentration Molarity mean
A measure of the # of moles per liter of solution
What does the expression of concentration Molality mean
Moles per kilogram of solvent
What are osmoles(osm)
Unit of measurement for the # of particles in a solution
What does osmoses reflect
Whether a substance dissolves or dissolves and dissociates
for osmality; If a substances dissolves & dissociates, then it counts the __________ # of particles in the solution ________________
Total; separately
Ex. CaClsub2 = 3 osm or NaCl= 2 osm
If a substance doesn’t diss ociate but dissolves, the substance
Is counted as _____ osm
1
How can osm be expressed; which is more accurate but difficult to measure
Osmolarity or osmolality; osmolality
What are biological macromolecules and what do they contain
Large organic molecules made by the body; they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (may contain nitrogen, phosphorus, & sulfur
What are hydrocarbons, what do they contain, and are they polar or nonpolar
Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms; contain functional groups, most are polar & able to bond to hydrogen
What are polymers
Molecules that are made up of repeating subunits called monomers
What is a monomer
Create polymers and are identical or similar in chemical structure
What kind of monomers do carbs, nuclei acids, and proteins have
Sugar, nucleotide, amino acid monomers
What does the process of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis do
Regulates the synthesis or breakdown of complex biomolecules
What is dehydration synthesis
Creates a water molecule during synthesis of a large molecule from smaller molecules
What is hydrolysis
Requires a water molecule to break apart a large molecule into smaller molecules
What are lipids and their functions
Not polymers, but diverse fatty, water insoluble (hydrophobic) molecules that store energy, create cellular membranes, and create hormones
What are the 4 classes of lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
Most common type of lipid
Triglycerides
What is the purpose of triglycerides and what is their structure
Used for long-term energy storage in adipose tissue, structural support, cushioning, & insulation of the body; one glycerol molecule (3 carbon structure) & 3 fatty acids (a long chain of hydrocarbons)
What are the fatty acid variations and their structure
Saturated: lacks double bonds & therefore every carbon is saturated w/hydrogens
Unsaturated: has 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated: as 2 or more double bonds
Types of metabolism for lipids
Lipogenesis, lipolysis
What is lipogenesis
Type of metabolism; binding of fatty acids to glycerol to form triglycerides within adipose tissue (which stores fat) dehydration reaction
What is lipolysis
Break down of triglyceride& release of glycerol & FA’s into the body for energy; hydrolysis reaction
What is a phospholipid & its structure
Amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell/plasma membranes; glycerol molecule bound to a polar phosphate group & 2 fatty acids
What is the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid made of
Glycerol & phosphate group
What is the hydrophobic tails of a phospholipid made up of
Fatty acid
What are steroids & their structures
Ringed structures including some hormones; ringed hydrocarbon structure that contains 4 rings & an R group
What are the different types of steroids and their functions
Cholesterol: component of the cellular/plasma membrane
Steroid hormones: regulate release of endocrine glands
Bile salts: facilitate digestion of lipids in the gi tract
What are eicosanoids and their structures
Local acting hormones signaling molecules that primarily function in inflammation & communication; modified 20-carbon fatty acids made from arachidonic acid
What are carbohydrates
Hydrated carbons
What is the organization of carbohydrates & their structure
Monosaccharides: simple sugar monomers
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides
What is glucose & now is it maintained in our body as blood glucose levels
Most common monosaccharide in the body because it is the primary nutrient supplying to energy cells; maintainedvia homeostasis & excess glucose is stored
What is glycogen
Polysaccharide of glucose monomers
What are the types of metabolism for glucose and what does it depend on
Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis; depends on glucose levels
What is glycogenesis and where does it occur?
Binding of excess glucose to form glycogen; occurs in liver & skeletal muscle
What is glycogenolysis
Type of glucose metabolism; hydrolysis of glycogen to form glucose; occurs when blood glucose levels drop; occurs in liver
What is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur
Type of glucose metabolism; formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (fat & proteins); Occurs in liver
What are other monosaccharides (carbs)
Dietary: galactose & fructose(can also be used for energy)
Structural: ribose & deoxyribose (used in protein development)
What are other disaccharides(carbs) & most common
Sucrose (glu-fructose - table sugar)
Lactose (glu galactose; milk sugar)
Maltose (glu - flu; malt sugar)
What are other polysaccharides (carbs)
Plant starch: digestible in humans & a major source of glucose
Plant cellulose: indigestible in humans & a great source of fiber
What are nuclei acids and the type
Cellular macromolecules that store & transfer genetic or hereditary info; types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nuclei acid (RNA)
What are nucleotides
Monomers of nucleic acid
What is a phosphodiester bond
Covalent bond that links neighboring nucleotide monomers together
What are the components of a nucleotide
Sugar( deoxyribose for DNA & ribose for RNA)
A phosphate
A nitrogenous base (5 diff. Types)
What are the types of nitrogenous bases, their structure, & examples
Pyridines: single ring bases (cytosine, uracil, & thymine)
Purines: double ring-bases( guanine & adenine)
What is DNA & what nucleotides form it
Double stranded nuclei acid that is located within chromosomes, which is the nucleus: A, T, G, C
What is RNA
Single-stranded nuclei acid located within the cell nucleus & within the cellular cytoplasm
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy currency of cell that is produced continuously
What is the structure of ATP & how does it work
Adenine/nitrogenous base), ribose sugar, & 3 phosphate groups; phosphate bond= energy rich, breaking of the 3rd bond (splitting ATP ) between the last 2 phosphates releases energy to the cell & the cell does work
What is adenosine diphosphate (adp)
Product of splitting ATP; adenine, ribose sugar, & 2 phosphate groups
What are the functions of proteins
Catalysts: ex. Enzymes
Defense: ex immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Transport; ex. Circulating transporters (hemoglobin)
Support: ex, supporting proteins (collagens)
Movement: ex. Contractile proteins (actin & myosin)
Regulation: ex, hormones
Storage: ex. Ion binding proteins
What is the general protein structure
Polymers of 1 or more linear strands of amino acids
What are amino acids
Monomers of proteins; 20 different ones in the body
What makes up amino acids
Amine group (-NH2), carbonyl ( -COOH), R group (remainder; changes )
What is a peptide bond
Covalent bond that links amino acids
What are the 2 ends of a peptide bond
N- terminal end: the free amine end of the protein
C-terminal end: free carboxyl end of the protein
What is a polypeptide
Strands of amino acids that contain 21-199 amino acids
Protein: strand that consists of more than ________ _________ ________
200 amino acids
What are glycoproteins
Proteins w/ carbohydrates attached
What is the primary structure of an amino acid sequence
A linear sequence of amino acids bonded together through covalent peptide bonds
What is protein conformation
Folding of a protein to a 3D shape
What are the intramolecular interactions of an amino acid sequence
Hydrophobic sections containing nonpolar R groups “tuck” away from water & disulfide bonds form between amino acids that contain sulfhydryl groups(cysteine)
What are secondary structures
Patterns within a protein that may repeat several times
What are the types of secondary structures; their arrangement; & their function
Alpha helix ( spiral coil, give elasticity to fibrous proteins )
Beta sheets (planar pleat arrangement, give flexibility to globular proteins)
What is a tertiary structure
Final 3D shape one I polypeptide chain
What types of proteins are involved in a tertiary structure
Globular proteins (fold into a spherical shape)
Fibrous proteins: (linear molecules)
What is a quaternary structure & what is an example of it
2 or more polypeptide chains; hemoglobin has y polypeptide chains & all y have to be present in order to have functional hemoglobin proteins
What is a prosthetic group & an example
Non protein structures covalently bonded to the protein (ex. The heme in hemoglobin)
What is denaturation
Disruption or termination of a protein 3D structure
What are causes of denaturation
Extreme increases in temp: weaken intramolecular interactions that maintain 3D shape
Extreme changes in pH: weaken the electrostatic interactions that hold the 3D shape
what is the function of the protein enzyme
catalyst
what is the function of the protein immunoglobulins(antibodies)
defense
what is the function of the protein hemoglobin
transport
what is the function of the protein collagen
support
what is the function of the protein actin and myosin
movement
what is the function of the protein of hormones
regulation
what is the function of ion binding proteins
storage
