Chapter 2 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
what is the mass and charge of a neutron
A
1 amu; no charge
2
Q
what is the mass and charge of a proton
A
1 amu; positively charged
3
Q
what is the mass and charge of an electron
A
no mass; negatively
4
Q
what is an atom or group of atoms with either a positive or negative charge called
A
ion
5
Q
what is a cation
A
reaches stability by losing electron; becomes positively charged
6
Q
what are common cations in the body
A
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+
7
Q
what is an anion.
A
Reaches stability by gaining an electron (negatively charged)
8
Q
What are common anions in the body
A
Cl-, HCOsub3-, POsub4^3-
9
Q
what is an ionic bond between
A
a positively charged cation and negatively charged anion
10
Q
what is an ionic compound
A
structure produced when oppositely charged ions are held together by ionic bonds
11
Q
when is a covalent bonded molecule created
A
when elements share electrons
12
Q
when does a molecular compound form
A
when two or more different elements sharing electrons
13
Q
what are examples of compounds
A
COsub2, water
14
Q
what are examples of molecules
A
Osub2, Hsub2
15
Q
what is a single covalent bond
A
one pair of electrons are shared between two atoms
16
Q
what is a double covalent bond
A
two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
17
Q
what is a triple covalent bond
A
what 3 pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
18
Q
what is the relative attraction each atom has for electrons
A
electronegativity
19
Q
what is a non polar covalent bond
A
equal sharing of electrons between atoms
20
Q
what is a polar covalent bond
A
unequal sharing of electrons between atoms
21
Q
what is an example of a non polar molecule
A
Osub2
22
Q
what is an example of a polar molecule
A
H2O
23
Q
what is an amphipathic molecule
A
molecules that contain both non polar and polar components
24
Q
what is an example of an amphipathic molecule
A
phospholipid
25
is water polar or non polar
polar
26
what is a solvent
the liquid that dissolves a solute; in the body it is water
27
what is a solute
substance dissolved in water based off of their chemical properties
28
what is the universal solvent
water
29
what are substances that dissolve in water
ions and polar molecules
30
what does dissolve mean
the ability for a polar molecule to disperse in liquid
31
what is a hydrophilic substance
a substance that dissolves in water
32
what is the hydration shell
the surrounding of a hydrophilic substance with water molecules
33
what does dissociate mean
substances pull apart and separate in water
34
What are electrolytes
substances that dissolve and dissociate in water that can conduct electricity
35
what are examples of electrolytes
salts, acids, and bases
36
what are nonelectrolytes
substances that remain intact when introduced to water and do not conduct electricity
37
what is an example of a nonelectrolyte
glucose
38
what molecules do not dissolve in water
non polar
39
what does hydrophobic mean
non polar molecules that do not dissolve in water
40
what is hydrophobic exclusion and what makes this occur
the forcing out of non polar molecules due to the hydrogen bonds between neighboring water molecules
41
what is hydrophobic interaction
the interaction between molecules of the “excluded” non polar substance
42
What do amphipathic molecules have
non polar and polar molecules
43
what happens when an amphipathic molecules is put into water
the polar part dissolves while the non polar region is expelled from the water
44
What two ions are produced when water dissociates
hydrogen ion(H^+) and hydroxide(OH^-); they are equally produced
45
what is an acid
a substance that dissociates in water and gives away a H+ and an anion
46
Which (base or acid) is a proton donor
Acid
47
What is a base
Substance that accepts H+ when added to a solution; decreases concentration of free H+
48
Which (base or acid) is a proton acceptor
Base
49
Definition of pH
Measure of the relative amounts of H+ in the solution
50
pH scale ranges from 0-14, what range is basic, neutral, & acidic
Basic: 8-14, acidic: 1-6, neutral :7
51
pH has an ____________ relationship with H+ concentration
Inverse; when H+ concentration goes up, pH goes down and vice verse
52
In an acidic solution, it has ___________ concentration of H+ and a __________ concentration of OH-
Higher; lower
53
In an basic solution, it has ___________ concentration of H+ and a __________ concentration of OH-
Lower; higher
54
What is neutralization
When an acidic or basic solution is returned to neutral pH
55
What is a buffer
Single substance or an associated group of substances that help pH changes if either excess acid or base is added
56
What is a buffer action
Either accepts H+ from excess acid or donates H+ to neutralize the excess base
57
How are mixtures formed
By combining 2 or more substances
58
Mixtures are substances that are mixed, not ______________ changed, the substances in the mixture ________ be separated by physical means
Chemically; can
59
A type of water mixture when the material is larger in size than 1mm is mixed with water and does not remain mixed unless in motion
Suspension
60
What is an example of a suspension
Blood cells w/ plasma
61
Type of water mixture that has medium size particles and remains mixed when not in motion
Colloid
62
Example of a colloid
Fluid in blood plasma
63
Type of water mixture that is homogenous in which a substance smaller than I nanometer is dissolved in water
Solution
64
Example of a solution
Sugar in water
65
definition of concentration
Amount of solute dissolved in a solution
66
What does the expression of concentration Mass/Volume(M/V) mean
Mass of solute per volume of solution
67
What does the expression of concentration Mass/volume percent(M/v) mean
Grams of solute per 100 milliliters of solution (ex. Intravenous solution)
68
What does the expression of concentration Molarity mean
A measure of the # of moles per liter of solution
69
What does the expression of concentration Molality mean
Moles per kilogram of solvent
70
What are osmoles(osm)
Unit of measurement for the # of particles in a solution
71
What does osmoses reflect
Whether a substance dissolves or dissolves and dissociates
72
for osmality; If a substances dissolves & dissociates, then it counts the __________ # of particles in the solution ________________
Total; separately
Ex. CaClsub2 = 3 osm or NaCl= 2 osm
73
If a substance doesn't diss ociate but dissolves, the substance
Is counted as _____ osm
1
74
How can osm be expressed; which is more accurate but difficult to measure
Osmolarity or osmolality; osmolality
75
What are biological macromolecules and what do they contain
Large organic molecules made by the body; they contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (may contain nitrogen, phosphorus, & sulfur
76
What are hydrocarbons, what do they contain, and are they polar or nonpolar
Contain only carbon & hydrogen atoms; contain functional groups, most are polar & able to bond to hydrogen
77
What are polymers
Molecules that are made up of repeating subunits called monomers
78
What is a monomer
Create polymers and are identical or similar in chemical structure
79
What kind of monomers do carbs, nuclei acids, and proteins have
Sugar, nucleotide, amino acid monomers
80
What does the process of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis do
Regulates the synthesis or breakdown of complex biomolecules
81
What is dehydration synthesis
Creates a water molecule during synthesis of a large molecule from smaller molecules
82
What is hydrolysis
Requires a water molecule to break apart a large molecule into smaller molecules
83
What are lipids and their functions
Not polymers, but diverse fatty, water insoluble (hydrophobic) molecules that store energy, create cellular membranes, and create hormones
84
What are the 4 classes of lipids
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
85
Most common type of lipid
Triglycerides
86
What is the purpose of triglycerides and what is their structure
Used for long-term energy storage in adipose tissue, structural support, cushioning, & insulation of the body; one glycerol molecule (3 carbon structure) & 3 fatty acids (a long chain of hydrocarbons)
87
What are the fatty acid variations and their structure
Saturated: lacks double bonds & therefore every carbon is saturated w/hydrogens
Unsaturated: has 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated: as 2 or more double bonds
88
Types of metabolism for lipids
Lipogenesis, lipolysis
89
What is lipogenesis
Type of metabolism; binding of fatty acids to glycerol to form triglycerides within adipose tissue (which stores fat) dehydration reaction
90
What is lipolysis
Break down of triglyceride& release of glycerol & FA’s into the body for energy; hydrolysis reaction
91
What is a phospholipid & its structure
Amphipathic molecules that form chemical barriers of cell/plasma membranes; glycerol molecule bound to a polar phosphate group & 2 fatty acids
92
What is the hydrophilic head of a phospholipid made of
Glycerol & phosphate group
93
What is the hydrophobic tails of a phospholipid made up of
Fatty acid
94
What are steroids & their structures
Ringed structures including some hormones; ringed hydrocarbon structure that contains 4 rings & an R group
95
What are the different types of steroids and their functions
Cholesterol: component of the cellular/plasma membrane
Steroid hormones: regulate release of endocrine glands
Bile salts: facilitate digestion of lipids in the gi tract
96
What are eicosanoids and their structures
Local acting hormones signaling molecules that primarily function in inflammation & communication; modified 20-carbon fatty acids made from arachidonic acid
97
What are carbohydrates
Hydrated carbons
98
What is the organization of carbohydrates & their structure
Monosaccharides: simple sugar monomers
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides
Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides
99
What is glucose & now is it maintained in our body as blood glucose levels
Most common monosaccharide in the body because it is the primary nutrient supplying to energy cells; maintainedvia homeostasis & excess glucose is stored
100
What is glycogen
Polysaccharide of glucose monomers
101
What are the types of metabolism for glucose and what does it depend on
Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis; depends on glucose levels
102
What is glycogenesis and where does it occur?
Binding of excess glucose to form glycogen; occurs in liver & skeletal muscle
103
What is glycogenolysis
Type of glucose metabolism; hydrolysis of glycogen to form glucose; occurs when blood glucose levels drop; occurs in liver
104
What is gluconeogenesis and where does it occur
Type of glucose metabolism; formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (fat & proteins); Occurs in liver
105
What are other monosaccharides (carbs)
Dietary: galactose & fructose(can also be used for energy)
Structural: ribose & deoxyribose (used in protein development)
106
What are other disaccharides(carbs) & most common
Sucrose (glu-fructose - table sugar)
Lactose (glu galactose; milk sugar)
Maltose (glu - flu; malt sugar)
107
What are other polysaccharides (carbs)
Plant starch: digestible in humans & a major source of glucose
Plant cellulose: indigestible in humans & a great source of fiber
108
What are nuclei acids and the type
Cellular macromolecules that store & transfer genetic or hereditary info; types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribose nuclei acid (RNA)
109
What are nucleotides
Monomers of nucleic acid
110
What is a phosphodiester bond
Covalent bond that links neighboring nucleotide monomers together
111
What are the components of a nucleotide
Sugar( deoxyribose for DNA & ribose for RNA)
A phosphate
A nitrogenous base (5 diff. Types)
112
What are the types of nitrogenous bases, their structure, & examples
Pyridines: single ring bases (cytosine, uracil, & thymine)
Purines: double ring-bases( guanine & adenine)
113
What is DNA & what nucleotides form it
Double stranded nuclei acid that is located within chromosomes, which is the nucleus: A, T, G, C
114
What is RNA
Single-stranded nuclei acid located within the cell nucleus & within the cellular cytoplasm
115
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Energy currency of cell that is produced continuously
116
What is the structure of ATP & how does it work
Adenine/nitrogenous base), ribose sugar, & 3 phosphate groups; phosphate bond= energy rich, breaking of the 3rd bond (splitting ATP ) between the last 2 phosphates releases energy to the cell & the cell does work
117
What is adenosine diphosphate (adp)
Product of splitting ATP; adenine, ribose sugar, & 2 phosphate groups
118
What are the functions of proteins
Catalysts: ex. Enzymes
Defense: ex immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Transport; ex. Circulating transporters (hemoglobin)
Support: ex, supporting proteins (collagens)
Movement: ex. Contractile proteins (actin & myosin)
Regulation: ex, hormones
Storage: ex. Ion binding proteins
119
What is the general protein structure
Polymers of 1 or more linear strands of amino acids
120
What are amino acids
Monomers of proteins; 20 different ones in the body
121
What makes up amino acids
Amine group (-NH2), carbonyl ( -COOH), R group (remainder; changes )
122
What is a peptide bond
Covalent bond that links amino acids
123
What are the 2 ends of a peptide bond
N- terminal end: the free amine end of the protein
C-terminal end: free carboxyl end of the protein
124
What is a polypeptide
Strands of amino acids that contain 21-199 amino acids
125
Protein: strand that consists of more than ________ _________ ________
200 amino acids
126
What are glycoproteins
Proteins w/ carbohydrates attached
127
What is the primary structure of an amino acid sequence
A linear sequence of amino acids bonded together through covalent peptide bonds
128
What is protein conformation
Folding of a protein to a 3D shape
129
What are the intramolecular interactions of an amino acid sequence
Hydrophobic sections containing nonpolar R groups "tuck" away from water & disulfide bonds form between amino acids that contain sulfhydryl groups(cysteine)
130
What are secondary structures
Patterns within a protein that may repeat several times
131
What are the types of secondary structures; their arrangement; & their function
Alpha helix ( spiral coil, give elasticity to fibrous proteins )
Beta sheets (planar pleat arrangement, give flexibility to globular proteins)
132
What is a tertiary structure
Final 3D shape one I polypeptide chain
133
What types of proteins are involved in a tertiary structure
Globular proteins (fold into a spherical shape)
Fibrous proteins: (linear molecules)
134
What is a quaternary structure & what is an example of it
2 or more polypeptide chains; hemoglobin has y polypeptide chains & all y have to be present in order to have functional hemoglobin proteins
135
What is a prosthetic group & an example
Non protein structures covalently bonded to the protein (ex. The heme in hemoglobin)
136
What is denaturation
Disruption or termination of a protein 3D structure
137
What are causes of denaturation
Extreme increases in temp: weaken intramolecular interactions that maintain 3D shape
Extreme changes in pH: weaken the electrostatic interactions that hold the 3D shape
138
what is the function of the protein enzyme
catalyst
139
what is the function of the protein immunoglobulins(antibodies)
defense
140
what is the function of the protein hemoglobin
transport
141
what is the function of the protein collagen
support
142
what is the function of the protein actin and myosin
movement
143
what is the function of the protein of hormones
regulation
144
what is the function of ion binding proteins
storage
