Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Question 1

Macromolecule

Answer 1

large complex molecules, polymers, built from monomers

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

long molecule w/ many similar building blocks

Question 3

Monomer

Answer 3

repeating units that serve as building blocks

Question 4

Enzyme

Answer 4

speed up chemical reactions that make or break polymers

Question 5

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 5

2 monomers bond by “losing” a water molecule, creating an polymer
Ex: A^H+B^OH= AB+H2O

Question 6

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 6

Polymers disassembled to monomers, by reversing the dehydration reaction (splitting the H20 to H and -OH)

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

sugar (monosaccharide) or dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

Question 8

Monosaccharide

Answer 8

simple sugars

Question 9

Disaccharide

Answer 9

double sugars, 2 monosaccharides bonded covalently (by glycosidic linkages)

Question 10

Polysaccharide

Answer 10

thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 11

Starch

Answer 11

storage polysaccharides of plants; formed by glucose monomers

Question 12

Glycogen

Answer 12

storage polysaccharide of glucose found in liver and muscle of animals; animal equivalent of starch

Question 13

cellulose

Answer 13

structural polysaccharide in plants, forms cell walls

Question 14

chitin

Answer 14

structural polysaccharide in exoskeletons and fungi consists of amino sugars

Question 15

Lipids

Answer 15

Any group of large biological molecules that mix poorly if at all with water
Ex: phospholipids, steroids, and fat

Question 16

Fats

Answer 16

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
Aka: triglyceride or triacylglycerol

Question 17

Fatty Acid

Answer 17

A carboxylic acid with long carbon chain.

Vary in shape and location of double bonds

Question 18

Saturated Fat

Answer 18

A fat made from saturated fatty acids.

The hydrocarbon chain has no carbon double bonds, and is, as a result, saturated with hydrogen, resulting in Saturated Fatty Acids.

Question 19

Unsaturated Fat

Answer 19

Formed double bonds with the carbon, leaving one less hydrogen molecule

Question 20

Phospholipid

Answer 20

A lipid, made of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Makes up cell membranes

Question 21

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 21

Double layered sheet of phospholipids that act as membranes for cells because of their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

Question 22

Steroid

Answer 22

Lipids consisting of 4 fused rings in their carbon skeleton

Cholesterol is an example

Question 23

Cholesterol

Answer 23

Steroid that is synthesized in the liver of vertebrates.

Common component of animal cell membranes, and the precursor for other steroids (like sex hormones)

Question 24

Protein

Answer 24

Functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptide folded and coiled in a 3D structure

Question 25

Amino Acid

Answer 25

Organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group

Question 26

C-terminus and N-terminus

Answer 26

C Terminus: end of a polypeptide chain with a free carboxyl group N Terminus: end of a polypeptide chain with a free amino group

Question 27

Catalyst

Answer 27

Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

Question 28

Polypeptide

Answer 28

Polymer of amino acids

Question 29

Primary structure of a protein

Answer 29

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 30

Secondary structure of a protein

Answer 30

Coil and folds in a protein structure, resulting from hydrogen bonds of the polypeptide backbone (not the aminos)

Question 31

Tertiary Structure of a Protein

Answer 31

The shape of a polypeptide as a result of the interactions of the R groups of the amino acids

Question 32

Quaternary Structure of a protein

Answer 32

The overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

Question 33

Denaturation

Answer 33

Protein unraveling and losing its shape

Question 34

What are the four groups of biological molecules that all living things are made of?

Answer 34

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 35

What are the 3 types of reactions that will either build or breakdown polymers?

Answer 35

Dehydration reaction, hydrolysis reaction, denaturation Dehydration builds Hydrolysis breaks bonds Denaturation unravels and inactivated proteins

Question 36

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 36

They are classified by the location of their carbonyl group (aldehyde and ketose), the length of their carbon skeletons (3-7 carbons long), spatial arrangement around an asymmetrical carbon

Question 37

What are the different types of polysaccharides based on function? Provide examples of each.

Answer 37

- Storage and Structural - -Starch: storage polysaccharide in plants, polymer of glucose monomers, stores energy - -Glycogen: storage polysaccharide in animals, stores energy - -Cellulose: glucose polysaccharide forms cell walls in plants - -Chitin: glucose and nitrogen monomers form insect exoskeleton, and cell walls in fungi

Question 38

Three types of biologically important lipids:

Answer 38

Fats Phospholipids Steroid

Question 39

Discuss the similarities between Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats.

Answer 39

Both: - hydrocarbon chain of fatty acids - lipids, hydrophobic Saturated: - saturated has densely packed hydrogen molecules - no double bonded carbons - typically solid Unsaturated: - double bonds of carbon - one less hydrogen bond - liquid

Question 40

List and describe the different types of proteins. Provide and example of each.

Answer 40

``` Enzymatic: accelerate chem reactions -digestive enzymes Storage: store amino acids -casein Hormonal: coordinate organisms activities -insulin Motor: movement -actin and myosin Defense: protect against disease -antibodies Transport: transport of substances -hemoglobin Receptor: response to chemical stimuli -neuroreceptors Structural: support -keratin ```

Question 41

Describe an amino acid

Answer 41

Organic molecule with a central asymmetrical carbon and an amino group at one end and a carboxyl on the other

Question 42

Discuss the four levels of protein structure. Which levels of structure is a protein considered active?

Answer 42

Primary: sequence of aminos Secondary: coiling and folds of polypeptides Tertiary: shape of the polypeptide resulting from R group interactions Quaternary: 2+ polypeptides forming 1 molecule

Question 43

When a protein is denatured what happens to the protein?

Answer 43

A chemical reaction causes the protein to unravel, deactivating it