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Biology 1010: Intro to Biology > Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Macromolecule

A

large complex molecules, polymers, built from monomers

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2
Q

Polymer

A

long molecule w/ many similar building blocks

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3
Q

Monomer

A

repeating units that serve as building blocks

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4
Q

Enzyme

A

speed up chemical reactions that make or break polymers

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5
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

2 monomers bond by “losing” a water molecule, creating an polymer
Ex: A^H+B^OH= AB+H2O

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6
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

Polymers disassembled to monomers, by reversing the dehydration reaction (splitting the H20 to H and -OH)

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugar (monosaccharide) or dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

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8
Q

Monosaccharide

A

simple sugars

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9
Q

Disaccharide

A

double sugars, 2 monosaccharides bonded covalently (by glycosidic linkages)

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10
Q

Polysaccharide

A

thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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11
Q

Starch

A

storage polysaccharides of plants; formed by glucose monomers

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12
Q

Glycogen

A

storage polysaccharide of glucose found in liver and muscle of animals; animal equivalent of starch

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13
Q

cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide in plants, forms cell walls

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14
Q

chitin

A

structural polysaccharide in exoskeletons and fungi consists of amino sugars

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15
Q

Lipids

A

Any group of large biological molecules that mix poorly if at all with water
Ex: phospholipids, steroids, and fat

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16
Q

Fats

A

A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
Aka: triglyceride or triacylglycerol

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17
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A carboxylic acid with long carbon chain.

Vary in shape and location of double bonds

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18
Q

Saturated Fat

A

A fat made from saturated fatty acids.

The hydrocarbon chain has no carbon double bonds, and is, as a result, saturated with hydrogen, resulting in Saturated Fatty Acids.

19
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Formed double bonds with the carbon, leaving one less hydrogen molecule

20
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid, made of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Makes up cell membranes

21
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Double layered sheet of phospholipids that act as membranes for cells because of their hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

22
Q

Steroid

A

Lipids consisting of 4 fused rings in their carbon skeleton

Cholesterol is an example

23
Q

Cholesterol

A

Steroid that is synthesized in the liver of vertebrates.

Common component of animal cell membranes, and the precursor for other steroids (like sex hormones)

24
Q

Protein

A

Functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptide folded and coiled in a 3D structure

25
Q

Amino Acid

A

Organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group

26
Q

C-terminus and N-terminus

A

C Terminus: end of a polypeptide chain with a free carboxyl group

N Terminus: end of a polypeptide chain with a free amino group

27
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction

28
Q

Polypeptide

A

Polymer of amino acids

29
Q

Primary structure of a protein

A

The sequence of amino acids in a protein

30
Q

Secondary structure of a protein

A

Coil and folds in a protein structure, resulting from hydrogen bonds of the polypeptide backbone (not the aminos)

31
Q

Tertiary Structure of a Protein

A

The shape of a polypeptide as a result of the interactions of the R groups of the amino acids

32
Q

Quaternary Structure of a protein

A

The overall protein structure resulting from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

33
Q

Denaturation

A

Protein unraveling and losing its shape

34
Q

What are the four groups of biological molecules that all living things are made of?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

35
Q

What are the 3 types of reactions that will either build or breakdown polymers?

A

Dehydration reaction, hydrolysis reaction, denaturation
Dehydration builds
Hydrolysis breaks bonds
Denaturation unravels and inactivated proteins

36
Q

How are monosaccharides classified?

A

They are classified by the location of their carbonyl group (aldehyde and ketose), the length of their carbon skeletons (3-7 carbons long), spatial arrangement around an asymmetrical carbon

37
Q

What are the different types of polysaccharides based on function? Provide examples of each.

A
  • Storage and Structural
  • -Starch: storage polysaccharide in plants, polymer of glucose monomers, stores energy
  • -Glycogen: storage polysaccharide in animals, stores energy
  • -Cellulose: glucose polysaccharide forms cell walls in plants
  • -Chitin: glucose and nitrogen monomers form insect exoskeleton, and cell walls in fungi
38
Q

Three types of biologically important lipids:

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroid

39
Q

Discuss the similarities between Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats.

A

Both:

  • hydrocarbon chain of fatty acids
  • lipids, hydrophobic

Saturated:

  • saturated has densely packed hydrogen molecules
  • no double bonded carbons
  • typically solid

Unsaturated:

  • double bonds of carbon
  • one less hydrogen bond
  • liquid
40
Q

List and describe the different types of proteins. Provide and example of each.

A 
Enzymatic: accelerate chem reactions
-digestive enzymes
Storage: store amino acids
-casein
Hormonal: coordinate organisms activities
-insulin
Motor: movement
-actin and myosin
Defense: protect against disease
-antibodies
Transport: transport of substances
-hemoglobin
Receptor: response to chemical stimuli
-neuroreceptors
Structural: support
-keratin
41
Q

Describe an amino acid

A

Organic molecule with a central asymmetrical carbon and an amino group at one end and a carboxyl on the other

42
Q

Discuss the four levels of protein structure. Which levels of structure is a protein considered active?

A

Primary: sequence of aminos
Secondary: coiling and folds of polypeptides
Tertiary: shape of the polypeptide resulting from R group interactions
Quaternary: 2+ polypeptides forming 1 molecule

43
Q

When a protein is denatured what happens to the protein?

A

A chemical reaction causes the protein to unravel, deactivating it

Biology 1010: Intro to Biology (16 decks)

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