Chapter 17: Gene Expression Part 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Free ribosome

A

synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol, float freely in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Bound ribosome

A

make proteins of the endomembrane system and proteins that are secreted from the cell, in the rough ER

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3
Q

Signal peptide

A

markers for polypeptides designed for the ER or secretion

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4
Q

signal recognition particle (SRP)

A

binds to the signal peptides and escorts the ribosome to a receptor protein build into a ER membrane

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5
Q

Mutations

A

changes in genetic information of a cell

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6
Q

Point Mutations

A

changes in just one nucleotide pair of a gene

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7
Q

Genetic disorder/hereditary disease

A

if a mutation has an adverse affect on a phenotype

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8
Q

Nucleotide-pair substitution

A

One nucleotide pair is replaced with another pair of nucelotides

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9
Q

Silent mutation

A

Have no effect on the amino acid produced by a coon because of redundancy in the genetic code

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10
Q

Missense mutation

A

still codes for an amino acid, but not the correct amino acid

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11
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon; most lead to a nonfunctional protein

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12
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame (totally different triplet/codon resulting in totally different amino)

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13
Q

Mutagens

A

physical or chemical agents that cause mutations, most carcinogens are mutagens, some mutagens are naturally occurring (like sunlight)

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of small-scale mutations?

A

Substitutions: nucleotides are replaced by other nucelotide pairs, causing mutations

Insertions/deletions: gain or lose a nucleotide pair

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15
Q

Discuss the evolution of a gene.

A

***A gene has evolved from being a unit of inheritance to a region of a specific nucleotide sequence in a chromosome to a DNA sequence that codes for a specific polypeptide chain.

We understood genes to be the reason we looks like our parents, to understanding why genes are unique (through their nucleotide sequences), to understanding that genes are nucleotide sequences attached to proteins with specific builds and specific functions that are unique to each protein. So DNA provides the blueprint for every cell in our body to work efficiently. A gene is a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a protein or an RNA molecule

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16
Q

Describe point mutations.

A

Point mutations are a change in the coding of DNA through a specific nucleotide pair. This mutations can occur through substitution, insertion, or deletion. Because there are several different codons for certain aminos, these mutations can be silent. Sometimes these mutations create stop codons, leading to a nonfunctional protein. Insertion and deletions are the addition or elimination of nucleotide pairs, causing a shift in the reading frame. This is detrimental to be polypeptide because it completely alters the amino acid sequence.