Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Psychology > Chapter 5: The Major Theoretical Models: Paving the Way Toward Integration > Flashcards

Chapter 5: The Major Theoretical Models: Paving the Way Toward Integration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Theoretical Models/Orientations

A

Can be understood as worldviews or philosophies about human behavior that provide a conceptual framework for research, assessment, and treatment of psychological problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Psychological Orientations

A

Psychodynamic
Cognitive-Behavioral
Humanistic
Family Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychodynamic Approach

A

Began with Sigmund Freud;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Human behavior is influenced by intrapsychic (within the mind) drives, motives, conflicts, and impulses, which are primarily unconscious
Various adaptive and maladaptive ego defense mechanisms are used to deal with unresolved conflicts, needs, wishes, and fantasies that contribute to both normal and abnormal behavior
Early experiences and relationships play a critical and enduring role in psychological development and adult behavior
Insight into these mostly unconscious influences, combined with working through them, help to improve psychological functioning and behavior
Analysis of the transferential relationship that develops between the patient and therapist also helps to resolve conflicts and improve psychological functioning and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Transference

A

Involves the projection of early relationship dynamics onto the therapist who represents an authority figure similar to the patient’s parents, for example

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Countertransference

A

Involves projection by the therapist onto the patient’s transference behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Categories of Psychodynamic Approach

A

Freudian Perspective
Revisionist Perspective
Modern Object Relations Perspective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

Classical Freudian Analysis; Human behavior are understood based on three mental structures that are usually in conflict (Id, Ego, Superego)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Id

A

Developed at birth, operates on the pleasure principle and representsall of our primitive wishes, needs, and desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ego

A

Developed at about age one, operates on the reality principle and represents the rational and reasonable aspects of our personality helping us to adapt to a challenging world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Superego

A

Developed at about age 5 following the successful resolution of the Oedipus Complex, represents the internalization of the familial, cultural, and societal norms and mores; includes the ego ideal and our conscience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ego Ideal

A

The perfect image or representation of who we are and who we can become

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conscience

A

The rules of good and bad feelings, thinking, and behavior; involves what we perceive to be right or wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Strategies developed by the ego to protect the person from internal and mostly unconscious conflicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of Ego Defense Mechanisms

A 
Repression
Denial
Reaction Formation
Projection
Sublimation
Displacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Repression

A

Keeping unpleasant thoughts, feelings, wishes, and conflicts out of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Denial

A

Denying that problematic feelings, thoughts or behaviors exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Consciously thinking or feeling the opposite of the unconscious impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Projection

A

One’s own unconscious conflicts, feelings, and drives are perceived in someone else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sublimation

A

Channeling unacceptable impulses toward less threatening sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Psychopathology from the Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

Results from the maladaptive use of the defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety and conflict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Psychosexual Stages of Development

A

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital Phases; Libidinal (Life Energies) are channeled toward different areas of the body that demand gratification during each of these phases; potential conflicts and problems can develop as a byproduct of fixations at any one of these stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

Occurs during the phallic stage of development; During the Oedipal phase, a boy develops incestuous and murderous desires, wishing to be unified with his mother while necessarily eliminating his father; Resulting fears of retaliation and castration result in repression of these impulses and the use of reaction formation to identify with the father instead;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Electra Complex

A

Female variation of the Oedipus Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Goal of Freud’s Approach

A

Insight and Working though of Insights to improve daily functioning; understanding and analyzing inevitable defensiveness and resistance to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Insight

A

Understanding the unconscious factors that lead to problematic feelings, thinking, and beha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Working Through Process

A

Involves a careful and indepth examination of the role of unconscious wishes, drives, impulses, and conflicts in everyday life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Psychoanalytic Techniques

A

Free Association
Dream Analysis
Interpretation
Analysis of transference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Revisionist/Neo-Freudian Perspective

A

An expansion and adaptation of the psychodynamic perspective proposed by Freud; Focus on the role of development beyond childhood, the role of societal and cultural influences, and the role of interpersonal relationships, andinvolve a deemphasis on unconscious and id-driven impulses and behaviors such as sexuality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Developed a lifespan perspective stating that psychosocial development continues far beyond the five psychosexual stages of childhood outlined by Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Felt that compensation for feelings of inferiority were very important in the formation of personality and psychological functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Carl Jung

A

Emphasized spiritual influences as well as the role of the collective unconscious (symbols and innate ideas that are shared with our ancestors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Harry Stack Sullivan

A

Focused on the role of interpersonal relationships in personality and psychological Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Revisionists

A

Neo-Freudians; de-emphasized Freud’s emphasis on the Id; Their theories became known as the Ego Psychology; Agreed that the role of interpersonal relationships was fundamental in the development of personality and psychological functioning; Agreed that psychological development continues beyond the early years addressed by Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Object Relations Perspective

A

Klein felt that the internal emotional world of children focuses on interpersonal relationships rather than on the control of impulses and drives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

WD Fairbarn, Melanie Klein, and Margaret Mahler

A

Started the British School of Object Relations Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Otto Kernberg, James Masterson & Heinz Kohut

A

Further developed Object Relations Theory in the United States

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Object Relations Theorists

A

View infants as being relationship or object seeking rather than pleasure seeking; early relationship with the mother provides the framework for the development of the sense of selfhotherapyc; attachment to the mother provides the framework for the development of the sense of self; attachment to the mother provides the structure and approach for the development of psychological functioning and future relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A

Historically would take years to conduct and involve four or five sessions per week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Recent Psychodynamic Theoriests

A

Developed short-term treatments which focus on the application of psychodynamic principles in treatment over the course of several weeks or a few months; empirically supportive treatment by APA when applied to opiate dependence and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

A

Generally draws on behaviorism rather than cognitive neuroscience or cognitive psychology; includes both the strictly traidional behavioral perspective as well as the newer cognitive perspective; historically based on the principles of learning and has its roots in the academic experimental psychology and conditioning research conducted by Skinner, Watson, Hull, Thorndike; James, Pavlov.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Overt Behaviors

A

Observable behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Covert Behavior

A

Non-observable behavior such as thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Perspectives

A

Include principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, social learning, and attribution theories to help assess and treat a wide variety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Contingency Management

A

Changing behavior by altering the consequences that follow behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Behavioral Rehearsal

A

Praciticing appropriate behavior or how one might handle a given problem situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Classical Conditioning Techniques

A

Might be used to help someone overcome various fears and anxieties

48
Q

Counterconditioning

A

Developing a more adaptive response to a stimulus

49
Q

Exposure

A

Gradual approach to being with the stimulus

50
Q

Participant Modeling

A

A social learning technique that demonstrates the desired behavior for a patient such as showing educational videos of others who are going through the same thing

51
Q

Thought Stopping

A

Stopping irrational or defeating thoughts by interrupting the negative or problematic pattern of thinking and inserting more positive and adaptive thoughts

52
Q

Classical Conditioning Perspective

A

Originated with the work of Ivan Pavlov has well as the work of Joseph Wolpe and Hans Eysenck; Maintains that learning occurs and subsequently, behavior, through the association of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli;

53
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

A heirarchy of anxiety-provoking situations from less anxiety-provoking situations; each step of heirarchy would be paired with relaxation using classical conditioning strategies

54
Q

Operant Perspective of Behavioral Approach

A

Maintains that all behavior can be understood through a functional analysis of antecedents and consequences

55
Q

A-B-Cs of Behaviorism/Functional Behavioral Analysis

A

Antecedents, Behavior, and Consequences; behavior is learned through interaction with the environment; If behavior is learned and developed through interaction with the environment; if behavior is reinforced in some way, it will continue, while behavior that is punished or not reinforced will be diminidshe

56
Q

Antecedents

A

Conditions present just before a target behavior occurs

57
Q

Consequences

A

What occurs following the target behavior

58
Q

Gradual Shaping of Desired Behavior

A

Achieved by reinforcing small increments towards the target behavior

59
Q

Intervention

A

Might include an analysis of the antecedents and consequences of a client’s behavior followed by reinforcement of targeted behavior toward the goal of engaging in specific activities outside of the home

60
Q

Social Learning Perspective

A

Originated with the work of Albert Bandurra; Maintains that learning occurs through observational or vicarious methods; behaviors can be learned and developed by watching others perform various behaviors rather than by practicing a behavior or being personally reinforced for a given behaviors

61
Q

Use of Social Learning Perspective

A

Might be used to understand how a client learns behavior; incorporates the role of expectations in be developmenthavior

62
Q

Julian Rotter

A

Proposed that behavior develops as a by-product of what someone expects to happen after they make a given response; importance of the desired outcome also impacts the likelihood of that behavior

63
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

Refers to the belief that one can successfully perform a particular behavior

64
Q

Cognitive Perspectives

A

Suggests that our beliefs, appraisals, and attributions play a significant role in behavior and behavioral problems

65
Q

Appraisals

A

Include the manner in which we examine or evaluate our behavior;

66
Q

Attributions

A

Refers to theories regarding the causes of behavior

67
Q

Factors Which Influence Our attribution of Behavior

A

Internal and External Locus of Control

Situational and Dispositional Factors

68
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

Refers to the feeling that we have control and influence over much of our life experiences

69
Q

External Locus of Control

A

Refers to the feeling that we have very little control or influence over what happens to us

70
Q

Situational Factors

A

Refer to external influences impacting behavior

71
Q

Dispositional Factors

A

Refer to enduring characteristics of the person impacting behavior

72
Q

Rational-Emotive Therapy

A

Developed by Albert Ellis to help individuals think and process beliefs in a more rational manner; involve using logic and reason to challenge irrational and maladaptive thought and beliefs; Relies on persuasion and reason to alter beliefs about self and others

73
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Developed by Aaron Beck to treat depression and other disorders As people develop, they develop, they formulate rules about how the world works that tend to be simplistic, rigid, and often based on erroneous assumption

74
Q

Schema/Template

A

Develops to the extent that all new incoming data is filtered through these rules and distortions

75
Q

Rules and Distortions

A

Overgeneralizations

Exaggeration

76
Q

Overgeneralization

A

All-Or-None Thinking

77
Q

Exaggeration/Downplaying

A

Distorting the meaning or significance of events

78
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A

Developed by Marsha Linehan; Used to treat people experiencing borderline personality disorder; uses cognitive-behavioral strategies along with psychodynamic, client-centered, family systems, and crisis intervention perspectives; focuses on acceptance of self and experiences along with efforts toward behavioral change;

79
Q

Stages toward Behavioral Change

A

Pretreatment Commitment Phase
Exposure and Emotional Processing phase of past events
Synthesis phase integrating progress from the first two pages to acieve treatment goals

80
Q

Panic Control Treatments (PCT)

A

Developed by David Barolow to help those who are experiencing panic attacks

81
Q

Humanistic Approach

A

Has its roots in European Philosophy as well as in the psychotherapeutic work of Victor Frankl, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Rollo May, Fritz Perls, and other mental health professionals

82
Q

Humanistic Theorists

A

Assume a Phenomenological Approach

83
Q

Phenomenological Approach

A

Emphasizes each individual’s perception and experience of his or her world

84
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Tends to view people as being active, thinking, creative, and growth oriented; helping others is partially accomplished through understanding concerns, feelings, and behavior through the eyes of the patient; tend to assume people are basically well-intentioned and that they vinaturally strive toward growth, love, creativity, and self actualization; focus on the here and now or present;

85
Q

Self-Actualization

A

Helps to produce the forward movement in life toward greater growth, peace, and acceptance of self and others;

86
Q

Active Listening

A

Intense listening to the patient using paraphrasing, summaries, reflection, and other techniques

87
Q

Empathy

A

Conveying a sense of being heard and understood

88
Q

Unconditional Positive Regard

A

Fully aonccepting the feelings and thoughts of the patient

89
Q

Congruence

A

Being genuine in behavior

90
Q

Self-Actualization

A

Innate movement toward growth and fulfilling one’s potential

91
Q

Peak Experiences

A

Moments when self actualization is reached

92
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Believed that problems in feelings, thoughts, behavior, and relationships emerge because many people are Deficiency Motivated in that they are trying to fulfill unmet needs

93
Q

Gestalt Perspective

A

Originated with the work of Fritz Perls; Assumptions include the notion that problems occur due to or inability to be truly aware of our current feelings, thoughts, and behavior and to our indordinate focus on the past and future rather than the present; Focuses on being keenly aware of one’s here and now or present experience

94
Q

Gestalt Techniques

A

Empty Chair, Letters,

95
Q

Self Determination Theory

A

Focuses on three fundamental psychological needs of humans: competence, autonomy, and relatedness; nurturing these needs tends to result in more psychological well-being, moving a person toward self-actualization; used to proide autonomy support with clients

96
Q

Family Systems Approach

A

Emerged from research and treatments geared to address problems associated with interpersonal communication among schizophrenic patients and between family members, began with the Bateson Group

97
Q

Goal of Family Systems Approach

A

Includes improved communication among family members and a de-emphasis on the problems of any one member in favor of attention to the family system as a whole

98
Q

Family Systems Perspective

A

Maintain a systematic view of problems and relationships; suggest that any change in the behavior or function of any one member of the family system is likely to influence other members of the system

99
Q

Main Orientations of the Family Systems Approach

A 
Communcation Approach
Structural Approach
Milan Approach
Strategic Aproach
Narrative Approach
100
Q

Communication Approach

A

Developed by Virginia Satir at the Mental Research Institute (MRI); suggests that problems in effective communication contribute to family problems and dysfunction;

101
Q

Communication Styles in Families

A 
Placating
Blaming
Superreasonable
Irrelevant
Congruent
102
Q

Superreasonable

A

Maintaining a rational style and keeping feelings to oneself

103
Q

Blaming

A

Attributing all of one’s problems on someone else

104
Q

Irrelevant Communication

A

Involves annoying habits on the part of a sibling

105
Q

Congruent Communication

A

What Satir encourages family members to embrace; focuses on expressing genuine feelings

106
Q

Structural Approach

A

Developed by Salvador Minuchin; focuses on altering and restructuring the pattern of relationships between family members; focuses on appropriate and adaptive levels of differentiation, enmeshment, and disengagement among family members; due to dysfunctional family patterns, conflicts and problems emerge within the family nit as a whole

107
Q

Structural Perspective

A

Emphasizes more functional, balanced, and heirarchical family relationships

108
Q

Milan Approach

A

The professional is viewed as an integral part of the family system or unit; highly values neutrality as well as acceptance and respect for the family system; uses hypothesizing as well as positive, locial connotation to assist in better understanding family dynamics

109
Q

Hypothesizing

A

Helps to better understand the function and dynamics of the family, whereas positive, logical connotation reframes the behavior in the family in more positive and accepting terms; uses the team approach; aimed at a better understanding of family interactions and a more acceptable, positive reraming of family issues

110
Q

Strategic Approach

A

Developed by Jay Haley, Milton Erikson to help professionals deal more effectively with resistance in their work; approach utilizes very active and direct involvement by the clinician; maintains that any attempt to change a member or set of members within a family system will be met with resistance and sabotage (conscious or unconscious) so the therapist must find ways to combat this resistance by directing and altering the behavior of the family;

111
Q

Paradoxical Techniques

A

Reverse psychology; involves prescribing the symptom of concern in an exaggerated form and so it appears to contradict with the goals of intervention

112
Q

Reframing

A

Involves reinterpretation of a behavior or issue in a new and different light; behaviors considered negative by the family may be reinterpreted as being positive

113
Q

Narrative Approach

A

Holds that family members conceptualize their problems and concerns through a series of stories about their lives and various members of the family system; using techniques such as externalizing and relative influence questioning, professionals assist family members in relating their stories in a more objective manner, allowing them to take a less negative and blaming approach to family problems; highlights the restraining influence that certain ideas and stories place on people

114
Q

Joining

A

Therapist atempts to connect with the family and become part of the family unit rather than act in a detached observer manner in the sessions

115
Q

Enmeshment

A

Over and maladaptive involvement in the lives of family members

116
Q

Disengagement

A

Over detachment of one family member from the others

Clinical Psychology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions