Chapter 5: The Major Theoretical Models: Paving the Way Toward Integration Flashcards
Theoretical Models/Orientations
Can be understood as worldviews or philosophies about human behavior that provide a conceptual framework for research, assessment, and treatment of psychological problems
Psychological Orientations
Psychodynamic
Cognitive-Behavioral
Humanistic
Family Systems
Psychodynamic Approach
Began with Sigmund Freud;
Assumptions of the Psychodynamic Perspective
Human behavior is influenced by intrapsychic (within the mind) drives, motives, conflicts, and impulses, which are primarily unconscious
Various adaptive and maladaptive ego defense mechanisms are used to deal with unresolved conflicts, needs, wishes, and fantasies that contribute to both normal and abnormal behavior
Early experiences and relationships play a critical and enduring role in psychological development and adult behavior
Insight into these mostly unconscious influences, combined with working through them, help to improve psychological functioning and behavior
Analysis of the transferential relationship that develops between the patient and therapist also helps to resolve conflicts and improve psychological functioning and behavior
Transference
Involves the projection of early relationship dynamics onto the therapist who represents an authority figure similar to the patient’s parents, for example
Countertransference
Involves projection by the therapist onto the patient’s transference behavior
Categories of Psychodynamic Approach
Freudian Perspective
Revisionist Perspective
Modern Object Relations Perspective
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
Classical Freudian Analysis; Human behavior are understood based on three mental structures that are usually in conflict (Id, Ego, Superego)
Id
Developed at birth, operates on the pleasure principle and representsall of our primitive wishes, needs, and desires
Ego
Developed at about age one, operates on the reality principle and represents the rational and reasonable aspects of our personality helping us to adapt to a challenging world
Superego
Developed at about age 5 following the successful resolution of the Oedipus Complex, represents the internalization of the familial, cultural, and societal norms and mores; includes the ego ideal and our conscience
Ego Ideal
The perfect image or representation of who we are and who we can become
Conscience
The rules of good and bad feelings, thinking, and behavior; involves what we perceive to be right or wrong
Defense Mechanisms
Strategies developed by the ego to protect the person from internal and mostly unconscious conflicts
Types of Ego Defense Mechanisms
Repression Denial Reaction Formation Projection Sublimation Displacement
Repression
Keeping unpleasant thoughts, feelings, wishes, and conflicts out of consciousness
Denial
Denying that problematic feelings, thoughts or behaviors exist
Reaction Formation
Consciously thinking or feeling the opposite of the unconscious impulse
Projection
One’s own unconscious conflicts, feelings, and drives are perceived in someone else
Sublimation
Channeling unacceptable impulses toward less threatening sources
Psychopathology from the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Results from the maladaptive use of the defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety and conflict
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital Phases; Libidinal (Life Energies) are channeled toward different areas of the body that demand gratification during each of these phases; potential conflicts and problems can develop as a byproduct of fixations at any one of these stages
Oedipus Complex
Occurs during the phallic stage of development; During the Oedipal phase, a boy develops incestuous and murderous desires, wishing to be unified with his mother while necessarily eliminating his father; Resulting fears of retaliation and castration result in repression of these impulses and the use of reaction formation to identify with the father instead;
Electra Complex
Female variation of the Oedipus Complex
Goal of Freud’s Approach
Insight and Working though of Insights to improve daily functioning; understanding and analyzing inevitable defensiveness and resistance to treatment
Insight
Understanding the unconscious factors that lead to problematic feelings, thinking, and beha
Working Through Process
Involves a careful and indepth examination of the role of unconscious wishes, drives, impulses, and conflicts in everyday life
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Free Association
Dream Analysis
Interpretation
Analysis of transference
Revisionist/Neo-Freudian Perspective
An expansion and adaptation of the psychodynamic perspective proposed by Freud; Focus on the role of development beyond childhood, the role of societal and cultural influences, and the role of interpersonal relationships, andinvolve a deemphasis on unconscious and id-driven impulses and behaviors such as sexuality
Erik Erikson
Developed a lifespan perspective stating that psychosocial development continues far beyond the five psychosexual stages of childhood outlined by Freud
Alfred Adler
Felt that compensation for feelings of inferiority were very important in the formation of personality and psychological functioning
Carl Jung
Emphasized spiritual influences as well as the role of the collective unconscious (symbols and innate ideas that are shared with our ancestors)
Harry Stack Sullivan
Focused on the role of interpersonal relationships in personality and psychological Development
Revisionists
Neo-Freudians; de-emphasized Freud’s emphasis on the Id; Their theories became known as the Ego Psychology; Agreed that the role of interpersonal relationships was fundamental in the development of personality and psychological functioning; Agreed that psychological development continues beyond the early years addressed by Freud
Object Relations Perspective
Klein felt that the internal emotional world of children focuses on interpersonal relationships rather than on the control of impulses and drives
WD Fairbarn, Melanie Klein, and Margaret Mahler
Started the British School of Object Relations Theory
Otto Kernberg, James Masterson & Heinz Kohut
Further developed Object Relations Theory in the United States
Object Relations Theorists
View infants as being relationship or object seeking rather than pleasure seeking; early relationship with the mother provides the framework for the development of the sense of selfhotherapyc; attachment to the mother provides the framework for the development of the sense of self; attachment to the mother provides the structure and approach for the development of psychological functioning and future relationships
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Historically would take years to conduct and involve four or five sessions per week
Recent Psychodynamic Theoriests
Developed short-term treatments which focus on the application of psychodynamic principles in treatment over the course of several weeks or a few months; empirically supportive treatment by APA when applied to opiate dependence and depression
Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Generally draws on behaviorism rather than cognitive neuroscience or cognitive psychology; includes both the strictly traidional behavioral perspective as well as the newer cognitive perspective; historically based on the principles of learning and has its roots in the academic experimental psychology and conditioning research conducted by Skinner, Watson, Hull, Thorndike; James, Pavlov.
Overt Behaviors
Observable behavior
Covert Behavior
Non-observable behavior such as thinking
Cognitive Behavioral Perspectives
Include principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, social learning, and attribution theories to help assess and treat a wide variety
Contingency Management
Changing behavior by altering the consequences that follow behavior
Behavioral Rehearsal
Praciticing appropriate behavior or how one might handle a given problem situation
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Might be used to help someone overcome various fears and anxieties
Counterconditioning
Developing a more adaptive response to a stimulus
Exposure
Gradual approach to being with the stimulus
Participant Modeling
A social learning technique that demonstrates the desired behavior for a patient such as showing educational videos of others who are going through the same thing
Thought Stopping
Stopping irrational or defeating thoughts by interrupting the negative or problematic pattern of thinking and inserting more positive and adaptive thoughts
Classical Conditioning Perspective
Originated with the work of Ivan Pavlov has well as the work of Joseph Wolpe and Hans Eysenck; Maintains that learning occurs and subsequently, behavior, through the association of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli;
Systematic Desensitization
A heirarchy of anxiety-provoking situations from less anxiety-provoking situations; each step of heirarchy would be paired with relaxation using classical conditioning strategies
Operant Perspective of Behavioral Approach
Maintains that all behavior can be understood through a functional analysis of antecedents and consequences
A-B-Cs of Behaviorism/Functional Behavioral Analysis
Antecedents, Behavior, and Consequences; behavior is learned through interaction with the environment; If behavior is learned and developed through interaction with the environment; if behavior is reinforced in some way, it will continue, while behavior that is punished or not reinforced will be diminidshe
Antecedents
Conditions present just before a target behavior occurs
Consequences
What occurs following the target behavior
Gradual Shaping of Desired Behavior
Achieved by reinforcing small increments towards the target behavior
Intervention
Might include an analysis of the antecedents and consequences of a client’s behavior followed by reinforcement of targeted behavior toward the goal of engaging in specific activities outside of the home
Social Learning Perspective
Originated with the work of Albert Bandurra; Maintains that learning occurs through observational or vicarious methods; behaviors can be learned and developed by watching others perform various behaviors rather than by practicing a behavior or being personally reinforced for a given behaviors
Use of Social Learning Perspective
Might be used to understand how a client learns behavior; incorporates the role of expectations in be developmenthavior
Julian Rotter
Proposed that behavior develops as a by-product of what someone expects to happen after they make a given response; importance of the desired outcome also impacts the likelihood of that behavior
Self-Efficacy
Refers to the belief that one can successfully perform a particular behavior
Cognitive Perspectives
Suggests that our beliefs, appraisals, and attributions play a significant role in behavior and behavioral problems
Appraisals
Include the manner in which we examine or evaluate our behavior;
Attributions
Refers to theories regarding the causes of behavior
Factors Which Influence Our attribution of Behavior
Internal and External Locus of Control
Situational and Dispositional Factors
Internal Locus of Control
Refers to the feeling that we have control and influence over much of our life experiences
External Locus of Control
Refers to the feeling that we have very little control or influence over what happens to us
Situational Factors
Refer to external influences impacting behavior
Dispositional Factors
Refer to enduring characteristics of the person impacting behavior
Rational-Emotive Therapy
Developed by Albert Ellis to help individuals think and process beliefs in a more rational manner; involve using logic and reason to challenge irrational and maladaptive thought and beliefs; Relies on persuasion and reason to alter beliefs about self and others
Cognitive Therapy
Developed by Aaron Beck to treat depression and other disorders As people develop, they develop, they formulate rules about how the world works that tend to be simplistic, rigid, and often based on erroneous assumption
Schema/Template
Develops to the extent that all new incoming data is filtered through these rules and distortions
Rules and Distortions
Overgeneralizations
Exaggeration
Overgeneralization
All-Or-None Thinking
Exaggeration/Downplaying
Distorting the meaning or significance of events
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Developed by Marsha Linehan; Used to treat people experiencing borderline personality disorder; uses cognitive-behavioral strategies along with psychodynamic, client-centered, family systems, and crisis intervention perspectives; focuses on acceptance of self and experiences along with efforts toward behavioral change;
Stages toward Behavioral Change
Pretreatment Commitment Phase
Exposure and Emotional Processing phase of past events
Synthesis phase integrating progress from the first two pages to acieve treatment goals
Panic Control Treatments (PCT)
Developed by David Barolow to help those who are experiencing panic attacks
Humanistic Approach
Has its roots in European Philosophy as well as in the psychotherapeutic work of Victor Frankl, Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Rollo May, Fritz Perls, and other mental health professionals
Humanistic Theorists
Assume a Phenomenological Approach
Phenomenological Approach
Emphasizes each individual’s perception and experience of his or her world
Humanistic Perspective
Tends to view people as being active, thinking, creative, and growth oriented; helping others is partially accomplished through understanding concerns, feelings, and behavior through the eyes of the patient; tend to assume people are basically well-intentioned and that they vinaturally strive toward growth, love, creativity, and self actualization; focus on the here and now or present;
Self-Actualization
Helps to produce the forward movement in life toward greater growth, peace, and acceptance of self and others;
Active Listening
Intense listening to the patient using paraphrasing, summaries, reflection, and other techniques
Empathy
Conveying a sense of being heard and understood
Unconditional Positive Regard
Fully aonccepting the feelings and thoughts of the patient
Congruence
Being genuine in behavior
Self-Actualization
Innate movement toward growth and fulfilling one’s potential
Peak Experiences
Moments when self actualization is reached
Abraham Maslow
Believed that problems in feelings, thoughts, behavior, and relationships emerge because many people are Deficiency Motivated in that they are trying to fulfill unmet needs
Gestalt Perspective
Originated with the work of Fritz Perls; Assumptions include the notion that problems occur due to or inability to be truly aware of our current feelings, thoughts, and behavior and to our indordinate focus on the past and future rather than the present; Focuses on being keenly aware of one’s here and now or present experience
Gestalt Techniques
Empty Chair, Letters,
Self Determination Theory
Focuses on three fundamental psychological needs of humans: competence, autonomy, and relatedness; nurturing these needs tends to result in more psychological well-being, moving a person toward self-actualization; used to proide autonomy support with clients
Family Systems Approach
Emerged from research and treatments geared to address problems associated with interpersonal communication among schizophrenic patients and between family members, began with the Bateson Group
Goal of Family Systems Approach
Includes improved communication among family members and a de-emphasis on the problems of any one member in favor of attention to the family system as a whole
Family Systems Perspective
Maintain a systematic view of problems and relationships; suggest that any change in the behavior or function of any one member of the family system is likely to influence other members of the system
Main Orientations of the Family Systems Approach
Communcation Approach Structural Approach Milan Approach Strategic Aproach Narrative Approach
Communication Approach
Developed by Virginia Satir at the Mental Research Institute (MRI); suggests that problems in effective communication contribute to family problems and dysfunction;
Communication Styles in Families
Placating Blaming Superreasonable Irrelevant Congruent
Superreasonable
Maintaining a rational style and keeping feelings to oneself
Blaming
Attributing all of one’s problems on someone else
Irrelevant Communication
Involves annoying habits on the part of a sibling
Congruent Communication
What Satir encourages family members to embrace; focuses on expressing genuine feelings
Structural Approach
Developed by Salvador Minuchin; focuses on altering and restructuring the pattern of relationships between family members; focuses on appropriate and adaptive levels of differentiation, enmeshment, and disengagement among family members; due to dysfunctional family patterns, conflicts and problems emerge within the family nit as a whole
Structural Perspective
Emphasizes more functional, balanced, and heirarchical family relationships
Milan Approach
The professional is viewed as an integral part of the family system or unit; highly values neutrality as well as acceptance and respect for the family system; uses hypothesizing as well as positive, locial connotation to assist in better understanding family dynamics
Hypothesizing
Helps to better understand the function and dynamics of the family, whereas positive, logical connotation reframes the behavior in the family in more positive and accepting terms; uses the team approach; aimed at a better understanding of family interactions and a more acceptable, positive reraming of family issues
Strategic Approach
Developed by Jay Haley, Milton Erikson to help professionals deal more effectively with resistance in their work; approach utilizes very active and direct involvement by the clinician; maintains that any attempt to change a member or set of members within a family system will be met with resistance and sabotage (conscious or unconscious) so the therapist must find ways to combat this resistance by directing and altering the behavior of the family;
Paradoxical Techniques
Reverse psychology; involves prescribing the symptom of concern in an exaggerated form and so it appears to contradict with the goals of intervention
Reframing
Involves reinterpretation of a behavior or issue in a new and different light; behaviors considered negative by the family may be reinterpreted as being positive
Narrative Approach
Holds that family members conceptualize their problems and concerns through a series of stories about their lives and various members of the family system; using techniques such as externalizing and relative influence questioning, professionals assist family members in relating their stories in a more objective manner, allowing them to take a less negative and blaming approach to family problems; highlights the restraining influence that certain ideas and stories place on people
Joining
Therapist atempts to connect with the family and become part of the family unit rather than act in a detached observer manner in the sessions
Enmeshment
Over and maladaptive involvement in the lives of family members
Disengagement
Over detachment of one family member from the others
