Chapter 3: Recent History of Clinical Psychology

Question 1

Army General Classification Test

Answer 1

A group administered intelligence test used by the Army which was more extensive and sophisticated than the Alpha and Beta Tests

Question 2

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 2

Developed as an objective personality inventory geared toward assessing pshychiatric problems

Question 3

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Answer 3

First significant alternative to the Stanford-Binet Test; commonly used intelligence test for children aged 6-16

Question 4

Veteran’s Administration Hospitals

Answer 4

Hospital for veterans; Began to hire clinical psychologists to meet the needs of veterans

Question 5

David Shakow

Answer 5

Led the APA Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology who sought to develop training standards and guidelines for graduate and internship training in clinical psychology

Question 6

The 1949 Boulder Conference

Answer 6

The most influential training conference in the history of clinical psychology

Question 7

Boulder Model/Scientist-Practitioner Model

Answer 7

Emphasized that clinical psychologists should be competent in both conducting research and providing professional psychological services as psychotherapy and assessment; the training model stated that a PhD degree in psychology from a university-based training program plus a one-year clinical internship were necessity for adequate preparation

Question 8

Alternatives to the Traditional Psychodynamic Approach

Answer 8

Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Family Systems Approaches to Treatment

Question 9

Behavioral Approach

Answer 9

Applies theories of learning and conditioning to the understanding of human behavior and the treatment of behavioral and psychological problems; viewed as more scientifically-based; behavioral techniques were more readily operationalized to allow for research

Question 10

Joseph Wolpe

Answer 10

Developed systematic desensitization to treat a variety of anxiety-based disorders such as phobias

Question 11

Hans Eysenck

Answer 11

Used research supported techniques guided by learning theory to treat a number of psychiatric complaints

Question 12

Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

Answer 12

Treatment focusing on changing thinking, feeling, and expectations

Question 13

Leading Cognitive-Behaviorists

Answer 13

Albert Ellis - Rational-Emotive Therapy
Aaron Beck - Uses cognitive treatments for depression
M. Mahoney - Cognitive REstructuring work
Meichenbaum - Stress inoculation
Bandura - Self-efficacy work

Question 14

Ellis’ REBT

Answer 14

Attempts to alter the patient’s irrational beliefs concerning the shoulds and oughts about themseles and others

Question 15

Beck’s Cognitive Approach

Answer 15

Focuses on the notion that depressed people tend to view themselves, others, and the world as more negative than nondepressed persons; altering maladaptive thought patterns and developing more adaptive ways of thinking are central to his approach

Question 16

Meichenbaum’s Self-Instructional Approach

Answer 16

Uses self-talk to guide and alter problematic thinking and behavior;

Question 17

Commonalities among Cognitive Therapies

Answer 17

The notion that learning and behavior are cognitiely mediated by attitudes and attributions and that the role of the therapist is to serve as a coach, educator, or consultant in assisting the alteration of maladaptive cognitive processes and behavior

Question 18

Humanistic Approach

Answer 18

Employed philosophy, Existentialism, and theories of human growth and potential to understand human behavior and offer strategies for psychological treatment; focused on the patient’s experience or phenomenology of their concerns and offered warmth, empathy, and unconditional positive regard in psychotherapeutic interactions

Question 19

Leading Humanistic Psychotherapists and Theorists

Answer 19

Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Frederick Perls
Victor Frankl

Question 20

Commonalities among Humanistic Theorists

Answer 20

Commitment to the phenomenological model that emphasizes that humans are able to be consciously reflective and have the ability to experience self-determination and freedom; Must be able to fully understand a person’s perception of internal and external reality in order to not only better understand their feelings and behavior but also offer assistance.
The notion that humans strive toward growth and are not trying to maintain homeostasis by satisfying various primitive needs and conflicts
Championed a belief in free will and regarded human behavior as not just a by-product of early childhood experiences or merely conditioned responses to the external environment.
Person-centered with maximum respect for the individual and his or her experiences

Question 21

Family Systems Approaches

Answer 21

Tend to utilize the entire family in understanding and treating problematic feelings and behavior

Question 22

Systems Approaches

Answer 22

Took exception to the notion that only the identified patient was in need of intervention services
Systems approach asserted with the dysfunction resided in the fammily as an interrelated system and not only in one family member

Question 23

Gregory Bateson

Answer 23

An anthopologist who was interested in communication styles; collaborated with Jay Haley, John Weakland, and Don Jackson, to examine communication sytles such as double-bind communication and metamessages

Question 24

Double-Bind Messages

Answer 24

Include impossible-to-satisfy requests

Question 25

Metamessages

Answer 25

Involve what someone really means rather than what they actually say

Question 26

Strategic Therapy

Answer 26

Uses paradoxical intention or Reverse psychology and techniques to effect behavioral change; prescribes the symptom in order to cope with resistance in treatment

Question 27

Milan Group

Answer 27

Sought to use the family systems theory to better understand family rules and to avoid getting trapped into family alliances and coalitions that prevent effective therapy for the whole family

Question 28

Being Trapped or Manipulated into Family Alliances

Answer 28

Joining or agreeing with the parents that all of the problems in the family are due to the child’s aggressive behavior or the spouse’s infidelity

Question 29

Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch

Answer 29

Developed Brief Therapy Project at the Mental Research Institute

Question 30

Brief Therapy Project

Answer 30

Focused on repetitive cycles of interpersonal behavior that often tend to reinforce problems rather than solve them

Question 31

Commonalities among Family Therapy Approaches and Strategies

Answer 31

Focus on the role of the entire family system in producing and maintaining problematic behavior, communication patterns associated with family problems, and ongoing maladaptive relationship patterns among family members

Question 32

Goal of Family Treatment Strategies

Answer 32

Intervention at the family level rather than the individual level

Question 33

John Cade

Answer 33

Australian psychiatrist who first gave lithium to psychotic patients and found that it had the same calming effect as discovered in the guinea pigs

Question 34

Henri Laborit

Answer 34

Used the medication in an attempt to lower blood pressure prior to surgery and found that it lowered patient anxiety

Question 35

Pierre Deniker and Jean Delay

Answer 35

Gave chlorpromazine or Thorazine to psychiatric patients; found that patients were less anxious and that shizophrenic patients experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions

Question 36

Community Mental Health Movement

Answer 36

Started as a result of interest in the prevention of mental illness as well as the social factors that contribute to mental illness-such as poverty, homelessness, racism, unemployment, and divorce

Question 37

Mission of Community Mental Health Movement

Answer 37

To provide affordable mental health services to all aspects of society on an outpatient basis, as well as to use early intervention and detection programs to prevent mental illness from developing

Question 38

Paul Wachtel

Answer 38

Sought to take the strengths of each approach by incorporating elements of both in a logical and consistent manner; focused on the importance of unconscious influences, meaning, and fantasies as well as the importance of empirical evidence, the patient’s goals of treatment, and respect for the environmental influences and context of behavior

Question 39

Jerome Frank

Answer 39

Examined commonalities of various treatment methods and found that they all include instilling hope and emotional arousal in the patient, encouraging improved morale and understanding of self and others, a healing setting, and supporting change outside of the treatment environment

Question 40

Effectiveness of Psychotropic Medications

Answer 40

Provided clues to the profound biological influences impracting behavior

Question 41

George Engel

Answer 41

Proposed biopyschosocial model as the optimal model of understanding and treating illness

Question 42

Biopsychosocial Approach

Answer 42

Physical and psychological problems are likely to have a biological, psychological, and social element that should be understood in order to provide effective intervention strategies; uses a multidimensional and interactive approach

Question 43

Vail Conference

Answer 43

Held to discuss how training could be altered to accommodate the changing needs of both clinical psychology students and society; significant outcome was the acceptance of a new training model for clinical psychology called the scholar-practitioner model

Question 44

Scholar-Practioner Model

Answer 44

Suggested that clinical training could emphasize the delivery of professional psychological services while minimizing research training; endorsed the notion that graduate training need not occur only in university psychology departments but could also occur in free-standing professional schools of psychology; Endorsed PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) degree as an alternative to the PhD degree; allowed students to choose the type of emphasis they wanted in their graduate education; endorsed the notion that recipients of a terminal master’s degree be considered professional psychologists

Question 45

Salt Lake City Conference

Answer 45

Endorsed the notion that all graduate training in clinical psychology, regardless of degree or setting, should include a core curriculum containing courses such as research methods, statistics, professional ethics, history and systems, psychological assessment, and on the biological, social, cognitie, and individual difference bases of behavior

Question 46

Michigan Conference on Postdoctoral Training

Answer 46

Held to address postdoctoral training issues in psychology; developed guidelines and plans for further control and regulation of posdoctoral training in clinical psychology;