Chapter 3: Recent History of Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Army General Classification Test
A group administered intelligence test used by the Army which was more extensive and sophisticated than the Alpha and Beta Tests
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Developed as an objective personality inventory geared toward assessing pshychiatric problems
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
First significant alternative to the Stanford-Binet Test; commonly used intelligence test for children aged 6-16
Veteran’s Administration Hospitals
Hospital for veterans; Began to hire clinical psychologists to meet the needs of veterans
David Shakow
Led the APA Committee on Training in Clinical Psychology who sought to develop training standards and guidelines for graduate and internship training in clinical psychology
The 1949 Boulder Conference
The most influential training conference in the history of clinical psychology
Boulder Model/Scientist-Practitioner Model
Emphasized that clinical psychologists should be competent in both conducting research and providing professional psychological services as psychotherapy and assessment; the training model stated that a PhD degree in psychology from a university-based training program plus a one-year clinical internship were necessity for adequate preparation
Alternatives to the Traditional Psychodynamic Approach
Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Family Systems Approaches to Treatment
Behavioral Approach
Applies theories of learning and conditioning to the understanding of human behavior and the treatment of behavioral and psychological problems; viewed as more scientifically-based; behavioral techniques were more readily operationalized to allow for research
Joseph Wolpe
Developed systematic desensitization to treat a variety of anxiety-based disorders such as phobias
Hans Eysenck
Used research supported techniques guided by learning theory to treat a number of psychiatric complaints
Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Treatment focusing on changing thinking, feeling, and expectations
Leading Cognitive-Behaviorists
Albert Ellis - Rational-Emotive Therapy
Aaron Beck - Uses cognitive treatments for depression
M. Mahoney - Cognitive REstructuring work
Meichenbaum - Stress inoculation
Bandura - Self-efficacy work
Ellis’ REBT
Attempts to alter the patient’s irrational beliefs concerning the shoulds and oughts about themseles and others
Beck’s Cognitive Approach
Focuses on the notion that depressed people tend to view themselves, others, and the world as more negative than nondepressed persons; altering maladaptive thought patterns and developing more adaptive ways of thinking are central to his approach
Meichenbaum’s Self-Instructional Approach
Uses self-talk to guide and alter problematic thinking and behavior;
Commonalities among Cognitive Therapies
The notion that learning and behavior are cognitiely mediated by attitudes and attributions and that the role of the therapist is to serve as a coach, educator, or consultant in assisting the alteration of maladaptive cognitive processes and behavior
Humanistic Approach
Employed philosophy, Existentialism, and theories of human growth and potential to understand human behavior and offer strategies for psychological treatment; focused on the patient’s experience or phenomenology of their concerns and offered warmth, empathy, and unconditional positive regard in psychotherapeutic interactions
Leading Humanistic Psychotherapists and Theorists
Carl Rogers
Abraham Maslow
Frederick Perls
Victor Frankl
Commonalities among Humanistic Theorists
Commitment to the phenomenological model that emphasizes that humans are able to be consciously reflective and have the ability to experience self-determination and freedom; Must be able to fully understand a person’s perception of internal and external reality in order to not only better understand their feelings and behavior but also offer assistance.
The notion that humans strive toward growth and are not trying to maintain homeostasis by satisfying various primitive needs and conflicts
Championed a belief in free will and regarded human behavior as not just a by-product of early childhood experiences or merely conditioned responses to the external environment.
Person-centered with maximum respect for the individual and his or her experiences
Family Systems Approaches
Tend to utilize the entire family in understanding and treating problematic feelings and behavior
Systems Approaches
Took exception to the notion that only the identified patient was in need of intervention services
Systems approach asserted with the dysfunction resided in the fammily as an interrelated system and not only in one family member
Gregory Bateson
An anthopologist who was interested in communication styles; collaborated with Jay Haley, John Weakland, and Don Jackson, to examine communication sytles such as double-bind communication and metamessages
Double-Bind Messages
Include impossible-to-satisfy requests
Metamessages
Involve what someone really means rather than what they actually say
Strategic Therapy
Uses paradoxical intention or Reverse psychology and techniques to effect behavioral change; prescribes the symptom in order to cope with resistance in treatment
Milan Group
Sought to use the family systems theory to better understand family rules and to avoid getting trapped into family alliances and coalitions that prevent effective therapy for the whole family
Being Trapped or Manipulated into Family Alliances
Joining or agreeing with the parents that all of the problems in the family are due to the child’s aggressive behavior or the spouse’s infidelity
Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch
Developed Brief Therapy Project at the Mental Research Institute
Brief Therapy Project
Focused on repetitive cycles of interpersonal behavior that often tend to reinforce problems rather than solve them
Commonalities among Family Therapy Approaches and Strategies
Focus on the role of the entire family system in producing and maintaining problematic behavior, communication patterns associated with family problems, and ongoing maladaptive relationship patterns among family members
Goal of Family Treatment Strategies
Intervention at the family level rather than the individual level
John Cade
Australian psychiatrist who first gave lithium to psychotic patients and found that it had the same calming effect as discovered in the guinea pigs
Henri Laborit
Used the medication in an attempt to lower blood pressure prior to surgery and found that it lowered patient anxiety
Pierre Deniker and Jean Delay
Gave chlorpromazine or Thorazine to psychiatric patients; found that patients were less anxious and that shizophrenic patients experienced fewer hallucinations and delusions
Community Mental Health Movement
Started as a result of interest in the prevention of mental illness as well as the social factors that contribute to mental illness-such as poverty, homelessness, racism, unemployment, and divorce
Mission of Community Mental Health Movement
To provide affordable mental health services to all aspects of society on an outpatient basis, as well as to use early intervention and detection programs to prevent mental illness from developing
Paul Wachtel
Sought to take the strengths of each approach by incorporating elements of both in a logical and consistent manner; focused on the importance of unconscious influences, meaning, and fantasies as well as the importance of empirical evidence, the patient’s goals of treatment, and respect for the environmental influences and context of behavior
Jerome Frank
Examined commonalities of various treatment methods and found that they all include instilling hope and emotional arousal in the patient, encouraging improved morale and understanding of self and others, a healing setting, and supporting change outside of the treatment environment
Effectiveness of Psychotropic Medications
Provided clues to the profound biological influences impracting behavior
George Engel
Proposed biopyschosocial model as the optimal model of understanding and treating illness
Biopsychosocial Approach
Physical and psychological problems are likely to have a biological, psychological, and social element that should be understood in order to provide effective intervention strategies; uses a multidimensional and interactive approach
Vail Conference
Held to discuss how training could be altered to accommodate the changing needs of both clinical psychology students and society; significant outcome was the acceptance of a new training model for clinical psychology called the scholar-practitioner model
Scholar-Practioner Model
Suggested that clinical training could emphasize the delivery of professional psychological services while minimizing research training; endorsed the notion that graduate training need not occur only in university psychology departments but could also occur in free-standing professional schools of psychology; Endorsed PsyD (Doctor of Psychology) degree as an alternative to the PhD degree; allowed students to choose the type of emphasis they wanted in their graduate education; endorsed the notion that recipients of a terminal master’s degree be considered professional psychologists
Salt Lake City Conference
Endorsed the notion that all graduate training in clinical psychology, regardless of degree or setting, should include a core curriculum containing courses such as research methods, statistics, professional ethics, history and systems, psychological assessment, and on the biological, social, cognitie, and individual difference bases of behavior
Michigan Conference on Postdoctoral Training
Held to address postdoctoral training issues in psychology; developed guidelines and plans for further control and regulation of posdoctoral training in clinical psychology;
