Chapter 2: Foundations and Early History of Clinical Psychology Flashcards
Greeks Thinkers who were pivotal in the early development of integrative approaches to illness, and, thus, were precursors to a biopsychosocial perspective.
Hippocrates
Plato
Galen
Hippocrates
Felt disease was primarily the result of an imbalance in four bodily fluids or humors rather than to spiritual factors
Plato
Saw the spirit or soul as being in charge of the body and that problems residing in the soul could result in physical illness
Socrates
As it is not proper to cure the eyes without the head, nor the head without the body, so neither is it proper to cure the body without the soul
Aristotle
Maintained a scientific emphasis and felt that certain distinct emotional states including joy, anger, fear, and courage impacted the functioning of the human body. Felt that treatment for mental problems should include talking and the use of logic to influence the soul and psyche
Galen
Greek physician who integrated the work and perspectives outlined by Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, and others and developed a holistic program of medical practice that became the foundation of medicine in Europe for 1,000 years
Middle Ages
Reemergence of the focus on supernatural influences to explain events; healing and treatment became a spiritual rather than a medical issue; Exorcism came back as a treatment
Saint Thomas Aquinas
Felt that there was both a theological truth and a scientific truth; reasoned that the soul was unable to become sick
Mental Illness
Must have a physical cause or be due to problems in reason or passion (St. Thomas Aquinas)
Bishop Nicholas Oresme
Felt that abnormal behavior and mental illness were due to diseases such as melancholy; the insane were sometimes humanely and compassionately cared for by people living in rural villages
Paracelsus
Swiss physician who popularized the notion that various movements of the stars, moon, and planets influenced mood and behavior; also focused on the biological foundations of mental illness and developed human treatment
Juan Luis Vives & Johann Weyer
Helped shift theories of mental illness from a focus on the soul to an emphasis on behavior and promoted humane treatments of the mentally ill
Renaissance
Renewed interest in the physical and medical worlds; new discoveries in chemistry, physics, biology, and mathematics unfolded rapidly and were met with great enthusiasm
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
Discovered through autopsy that a diseased organ in the body could cause illness and death
Andreas Vesalius
Dutch physician who published an anatomy textbook in 1543 delineating dissection of the human body
William Harvey
English physician who used the scientific method in 1628 to determine tht blood circulated through the body because of the function of the heart
Rene Descartes
French philospher who argued that the mind and body were separate
Bedlam
Variant of Bethlehem; connoted chaos and hellish circumstances; originated when St. Mary’s of Bethlehem was opened in London during 1547
Rudolf Virchow & Louis Pasteur
Discovered that disease and illness could be attributed to dysfunction at the cellular level
Dualism
Tempered in the last part of 18th Century
Benjamin Rush
Authored the first American text in psychiatry, positing that the mind could cause a variety of diseases
Franz Mesmer
Austrian physician, and others noticed that many people experiencing paralysis, deafness, and blindness had no biomedical pathology, leaving psychological causes suspect
Claude Bernard
Argued for the recognition of the role of psychological factors in physical illness
Jean Martin Charcot
French physician, used hypnosis to treat a wide variety of conversion disorders
Moral Therapy
Psychosocial approach to mental illness; sought to treat patients as humanely as possible and encouraged the nurturance of interpersonal relationships
Philippe Pinel
Did much to improve living conditions and treatment approaches used by mental hospitals during the 19th century; became director of several mental hospitals in France and altered the treatment facilities to maximize patient welfare and humane forms of treatment
Eli Todd
Developed a retreat-like program for the treatment of the mentally ill in Hartford, Connecticut called the Institute of the Living
William Tuke
Developed more humane treatment approaches in English mental hospitals
Dorothea Dix
Massachusetts school teacher, who worked heroically for 40 years to improve treatment conditions for the mentally ill in the United States; Due to her efforts, New Jersey became the first state to build a hospital for the mentally ill in 1848
Emil Kraeplin
Defined the term Dementia Praecox to describe the constellation of behaviors we generally now consider schizophrenia; asserted that mental disorders were brain disorders, and mental illness could be classified as rising from either exogenous or endogenous influences
Eugen Bleuler
Coined the term Schizophrenia;
Franz Alexander
Studied the association between psychological factors and both physical and mental illnesses; Proposed that as a specific stressor occured, a genetically predetermined organ system of the body responded; specific personality styles, as opposed to unconscious conflicts, resulted in specific disease
Theodor Fechner
Published the Elements of Psychophysics
Wilhelm Wundt
published Principles of Physiological psychology; developed the first laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany
William James
Established a psychology laboratory at Harvard University at about the same time that Wundt was developing his laboratory; puclished Principles of Psychology which became the first psychology text
Yale University
Offered offered the first formal PhD in Philosphy and Psychology
Harvard University
Offered the first American PhD in Psychology
G. Stanley Hall
Established the second American psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University; also established the first independent psychology department at Clark University
James McKeen Cattell
Established the third American laboratory in 1888; Also studied the reaction time and other differences in human behavior; Coined the term mental test
James Baldwin
Established the first psychology laboratory in Canada at the University of Toronto
American Psychological Association
Founded in 1892 with G. Stanley Hall as its first president
Francis Galton
Interested in statistical analysis of differences among people in reaction time, sensory experiences, and motor behavior; developed a laboratory in England to study these issues
Mental Test
REfers to measures that Cattell developed in the hopes of tapping intellectual abilities
Hugo Munsterberg
Developed a series of tests to investigate the mental abilities of children in 1891
Lightner Witmer
Opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania; first psychologist to use his understanding of the principles of human behavior to help an individual with a particular problem; published The psychological Clinic; helped launch the clinical psychology specialty
Witmer’s Principles
Favored multidisciplinary team approach as opposed to individual consultation
Used interventions and diagnostic strategies based on research evidence
Interested in preventing problems before they emerged
Morton Price
Published first edition of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Alfred Binet
French scientist and attorney founded (along with Henri Beaunis) the first psychology laboratory in france; interested in developing tests to investigate mental abilities in children
Theodore Simon
Worked with binet to develop a method to assist in providing mentally disabled children with appropriate educational services;
Binet & Simon
Developed an intelligence test that could be used with children in order to assist teachers and schools in identifying children whose mental abilities preented them from benefitting from regular classroom instruction
Henry Goddard
Developed a clinic for children and brought the Binet-Simon scale back to the US for translation and uClifford Beersse
Lewis Terman
Revised the scale and renamed it Stanford-Binet; Became popular in the US; used to assess children
Clifford Beers
Founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene which later became known as the National Association for mental Health; former mental patient, hospitalized with severe depression that included episodes of mania; could have had Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)
William Healy
Opened Juvenile Psychopathic Insitute; Child guidance clinics focused on disruptive behaviors of children interacting with schools, police, and the courts
Child Guidance Clinics
Philosophy was based on the view that disruptive behavior in children was due to mental illness and that intervention should occur early before significant problems such as stealing, fire setting, and robbery began
Child Guidance Movement
Applied the new principles of psychology to the treatment of children and their families encountering mental illness and problem behaviors;
Child Guidance Perspectie
Helped to emphasize the psychological and social influences of behavior and mental illness
Sigmund Freud
His works and writings were highly influential in further understanding the connection between the mind and body; proposed that unconscious vonflicts and emotional influences could bring about mental and pysical illness
The Interpretation of Dreams
Resulted in mainstream acceptance of the psychoanalytic perspective
Army Alpha and Army Beta Intelligence Tests
Developed by a committee formed by Henry Goddard, Lewis Terman, and Guy Whipple as directed by the president of the APA (Robert Yerkes) to assist in developing an appropriate test for the military recruits; could be administered to a large group of people
Army Alpha
Verbal Test
Army Beta
Non-verbal Test
Psychoneurotic Inventory
Developed by Robert Woodworth
Well-Known Tests Given During WWI
Rorschack Inkblot Test (1921) Miller Analogies Test (1927) Word Association Test (1919) Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test (1926) Thematic Apperception Test (1935) Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale (1939)
Herman Rorschach
Swiss psychiatrist who deeloped the famous inkblot test
S.J. Beck & Brono Klopfer
Published comprehensive scoring procedures for the Rorschach Inkblot Test
David Wechsler
Developed the first comprehensive and individually administered intelligence tests for adults
Wechsler-Bellevue
Became the standard measure with which to assess adult intellectual abilities
John Watson
Detailed the well-known case of little Albert who was conditioned to be fearful of white furry objects
Mary Cover Jones
Demonstrated how these types of fears could be removed using conditioning techniques
Chauncey Louttit
Published the first Clinical Psychology Textbook in 1936
