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Clinical Psychology > Chapter 2: Foundations and Early History of Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Foundations and Early History of Clinical Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Greeks Thinkers who were pivotal in the early development of integrative approaches to illness, and, thus, were precursors to a biopsychosocial perspective.

A

Hippocrates
Plato
Galen

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2
Q

Hippocrates

A

Felt disease was primarily the result of an imbalance in four bodily fluids or humors rather than to spiritual factors

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3
Q

Plato

A

Saw the spirit or soul as being in charge of the body and that problems residing in the soul could result in physical illness

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4
Q

Socrates

A

As it is not proper to cure the eyes without the head, nor the head without the body, so neither is it proper to cure the body without the soul

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5
Q

Aristotle

A

Maintained a scientific emphasis and felt that certain distinct emotional states including joy, anger, fear, and courage impacted the functioning of the human body. Felt that treatment for mental problems should include talking and the use of logic to influence the soul and psyche

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6
Q

Galen

A

Greek physician who integrated the work and perspectives outlined by Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, and others and developed a holistic program of medical practice that became the foundation of medicine in Europe for 1,000 years

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7
Q

Middle Ages

A

Reemergence of the focus on supernatural influences to explain events; healing and treatment became a spiritual rather than a medical issue; Exorcism came back as a treatment

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8
Q

Saint Thomas Aquinas

A

Felt that there was both a theological truth and a scientific truth; reasoned that the soul was unable to become sick

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9
Q

Mental Illness

A

Must have a physical cause or be due to problems in reason or passion (St. Thomas Aquinas)

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10
Q

Bishop Nicholas Oresme

A

Felt that abnormal behavior and mental illness were due to diseases such as melancholy; the insane were sometimes humanely and compassionately cared for by people living in rural villages

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11
Q

Paracelsus

A

Swiss physician who popularized the notion that various movements of the stars, moon, and planets influenced mood and behavior; also focused on the biological foundations of mental illness and developed human treatment

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12
Q

Juan Luis Vives & Johann Weyer

A

Helped shift theories of mental illness from a focus on the soul to an emphasis on behavior and promoted humane treatments of the mentally ill

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13
Q

Renaissance

A

Renewed interest in the physical and medical worlds; new discoveries in chemistry, physics, biology, and mathematics unfolded rapidly and were met with great enthusiasm

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14
Q

Giovanni Battista Morgagni

A

Discovered through autopsy that a diseased organ in the body could cause illness and death

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15
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

Dutch physician who published an anatomy textbook in 1543 delineating dissection of the human body

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16
Q

William Harvey

A

English physician who used the scientific method in 1628 to determine tht blood circulated through the body because of the function of the heart

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17
Q

Rene Descartes

A

French philospher who argued that the mind and body were separate

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18
Q

Bedlam

A

Variant of Bethlehem; connoted chaos and hellish circumstances; originated when St. Mary’s of Bethlehem was opened in London during 1547

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19
Q

Rudolf Virchow & Louis Pasteur

A

Discovered that disease and illness could be attributed to dysfunction at the cellular level

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20
Q

Dualism

A

Tempered in the last part of 18th Century

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21
Q

Benjamin Rush

A

Authored the first American text in psychiatry, positing that the mind could cause a variety of diseases

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22
Q

Franz Mesmer

A

Austrian physician, and others noticed that many people experiencing paralysis, deafness, and blindness had no biomedical pathology, leaving psychological causes suspect

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23
Q

Claude Bernard

A

Argued for the recognition of the role of psychological factors in physical illness

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24
Q

Jean Martin Charcot

A

French physician, used hypnosis to treat a wide variety of conversion disorders

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25
Q

Moral Therapy

A

Psychosocial approach to mental illness; sought to treat patients as humanely as possible and encouraged the nurturance of interpersonal relationships

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26
Q

Philippe Pinel

A

Did much to improve living conditions and treatment approaches used by mental hospitals during the 19th century; became director of several mental hospitals in France and altered the treatment facilities to maximize patient welfare and humane forms of treatment

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27
Q

Eli Todd

A

Developed a retreat-like program for the treatment of the mentally ill in Hartford, Connecticut called the Institute of the Living

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28
Q

William Tuke

A

Developed more humane treatment approaches in English mental hospitals

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29
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Massachusetts school teacher, who worked heroically for 40 years to improve treatment conditions for the mentally ill in the United States; Due to her efforts, New Jersey became the first state to build a hospital for the mentally ill in 1848

30
Q

Emil Kraeplin

A

Defined the term Dementia Praecox to describe the constellation of behaviors we generally now consider schizophrenia; asserted that mental disorders were brain disorders, and mental illness could be classified as rising from either exogenous or endogenous influences

31
Q

Eugen Bleuler

A

Coined the term Schizophrenia;

32
Q

Franz Alexander

A

Studied the association between psychological factors and both physical and mental illnesses; Proposed that as a specific stressor occured, a genetically predetermined organ system of the body responded; specific personality styles, as opposed to unconscious conflicts, resulted in specific disease

33
Q

Theodor Fechner

A

Published the Elements of Psychophysics

34
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

published Principles of Physiological psychology; developed the first laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany

35
Q

William James

A

Established a psychology laboratory at Harvard University at about the same time that Wundt was developing his laboratory; puclished Principles of Psychology which became the first psychology text

36
Q

Yale University

A

Offered offered the first formal PhD in Philosphy and Psychology

37
Q

Harvard University

A

Offered the first American PhD in Psychology

38
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Established the second American psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins University; also established the first independent psychology department at Clark University

39
Q

James McKeen Cattell

A

Established the third American laboratory in 1888; Also studied the reaction time and other differences in human behavior; Coined the term mental test

40
Q

James Baldwin

A

Established the first psychology laboratory in Canada at the University of Toronto

41
Q

American Psychological Association

A

Founded in 1892 with G. Stanley Hall as its first president

42
Q

Francis Galton

A

Interested in statistical analysis of differences among people in reaction time, sensory experiences, and motor behavior; developed a laboratory in England to study these issues

43
Q

Mental Test

A

REfers to measures that Cattell developed in the hopes of tapping intellectual abilities

44
Q

Hugo Munsterberg

A

Developed a series of tests to investigate the mental abilities of children in 1891

45
Q

Lightner Witmer

A

Opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania; first psychologist to use his understanding of the principles of human behavior to help an individual with a particular problem; published The psychological Clinic; helped launch the clinical psychology specialty

46
Q

Witmer’s Principles

A

Favored multidisciplinary team approach as opposed to individual consultation
Used interventions and diagnostic strategies based on research evidence
Interested in preventing problems before they emerged

47
Q

Morton Price

A

Published first edition of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology

48
Q

Alfred Binet

A

French scientist and attorney founded (along with Henri Beaunis) the first psychology laboratory in france; interested in developing tests to investigate mental abilities in children

49
Q

Theodore Simon

A

Worked with binet to develop a method to assist in providing mentally disabled children with appropriate educational services;

50
Q

Binet & Simon

A

Developed an intelligence test that could be used with children in order to assist teachers and schools in identifying children whose mental abilities preented them from benefitting from regular classroom instruction

51
Q

Henry Goddard

A

Developed a clinic for children and brought the Binet-Simon scale back to the US for translation and uClifford Beersse

52
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Revised the scale and renamed it Stanford-Binet; Became popular in the US; used to assess children

53
Q

Clifford Beers

A

Founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene which later became known as the National Association for mental Health; former mental patient, hospitalized with severe depression that included episodes of mania; could have had Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)

54
Q

William Healy

A

Opened Juvenile Psychopathic Insitute; Child guidance clinics focused on disruptive behaviors of children interacting with schools, police, and the courts

55
Q

Child Guidance Clinics

A

Philosophy was based on the view that disruptive behavior in children was due to mental illness and that intervention should occur early before significant problems such as stealing, fire setting, and robbery began

56
Q

Child Guidance Movement

A

Applied the new principles of psychology to the treatment of children and their families encountering mental illness and problem behaviors;

57
Q

Child Guidance Perspectie

A

Helped to emphasize the psychological and social influences of behavior and mental illness

58
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

His works and writings were highly influential in further understanding the connection between the mind and body; proposed that unconscious vonflicts and emotional influences could bring about mental and pysical illness

59
Q

The Interpretation of Dreams

A

Resulted in mainstream acceptance of the psychoanalytic perspective

60
Q

Army Alpha and Army Beta Intelligence Tests

A

Developed by a committee formed by Henry Goddard, Lewis Terman, and Guy Whipple as directed by the president of the APA (Robert Yerkes) to assist in developing an appropriate test for the military recruits; could be administered to a large group of people

61
Q

Army Alpha

A

Verbal Test

62
Q

Army Beta

A

Non-verbal Test

63
Q

Psychoneurotic Inventory

A

Developed by Robert Woodworth

64
Q

Well-Known Tests Given During WWI

A 
Rorschack Inkblot Test (1921)
Miller Analogies Test (1927)
Word Association Test (1919)
Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test (1926)
Thematic Apperception Test (1935)
Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale (1939)
65
Q

Herman Rorschach

A

Swiss psychiatrist who deeloped the famous inkblot test

66
Q

S.J. Beck & Brono Klopfer

A

Published comprehensive scoring procedures for the Rorschach Inkblot Test

67
Q

David Wechsler

A

Developed the first comprehensive and individually administered intelligence tests for adults

68
Q

Wechsler-Bellevue

A

Became the standard measure with which to assess adult intellectual abilities

69
Q

John Watson

A

Detailed the well-known case of little Albert who was conditioned to be fearful of white furry objects

70
Q

Mary Cover Jones

A

Demonstrated how these types of fears could be removed using conditioning techniques

71
Q

Chauncey Louttit

A

Published the first Clinical Psychology Textbook in 1936

Clinical Psychology (10 decks)

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