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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 5 The Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the integumentary system cover?

A

covers the entire outer surface of the body and is the most visible organ system. It is also largest organ of the body by surface area and weight.

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2
Q

what does the integumentary system include of?

A

skin, hair, nails, various glands and sensory receptors

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3
Q

what are the several functions of the skin? (hint: 5 functions)

A

1.protects body and acts as a barrier (from dehydration, impact & friction injuries, UV light damage, etc)
2. provides sensory information acting as receptor for sensory input (cold, hot, touch..)
3. regulates body temperature (sweat glands)
4. secretes some wastes like urea, salt and water
5. synthesizes vitamin D

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4
Q

what 2 layers is the structure of the skin composed of?

A
  1. epidermis which is the outer and thinner layer is not vascularized.
  2. dermis which is the inner and thicker layer is vascularized.
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5
Q

what other layer is present but not part of the skin?

A

the subcutaneous layer aka the hypodermis which is located underneath the dermis acting as an anchor for the skin.

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6
Q

what is the epidermis made of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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7
Q

what are the four epidermal cells?

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. langerhans cells (dendritic cells)
  4. merkel cells (tactile epithelial cells)
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8
Q

what are the five epidermal cell? (list the epidermal cell layers starting from the deepest layer)

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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9
Q

what do keratinocytes do? how much of the epidermis do they make up? produces? protects?

A

it produces keratin and lamellar granulaes which are lipid rich meaning they help with waterproof (loss of water). It protects the skin and tissues from heat, chemicals, etc. The surface cells are died and contain keratin.

it makes up 90%

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10
Q

what do melanocytes do? how much of the epidermis do they make up? located?

A

they’re spider-shaped cells which secrete and transfer the pigment (melanin) to keratinocytes. Found near basal surface and their projections extend between keratinocytes.

it makes up 8%

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11
Q

what do langerhans cells do? They migrate the epidermidis

A

involved in immune responses by alerting for potential invaders. They arise from red bone marrow and migrate to epidermis. (quite numerous)

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12
Q

what do merkel cells do? located?

A

they function as touch sensations (and contact sensory neutrons). They are the least numerous and located deep in the epidermis specifically the first layer of it.

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13
Q

what is the stratum basale? contains which epidermal cells?

A

its the deepest layer attached to dermis by a wavy border. A single row of cuboidal/columnar keratinocytes. Cell division happens through mitosis. It contains merkel and melanocytes.

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14
Q

what is the stratum spinosum? contains which epidermal cell(s)? number of layers?

A

consists of 8 -10 layers of irregular shaped keraytinocytes. The cells contain keratin filaments and attached strongly to one another. It contains the langerhans cells and projections of the melanocytes.

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14
Q

what is the stratum granulosum? number of layers? contains?

A

it consists of 3-5 layers of FLATTENED keratinocytes and the nucleus and organelles disintegrate. The cells contain keratohyalin, a protein and lamellar granules which are lipid rich (water repellent). There is a transition layer from between living cells below and dead cells above.

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15
Q

what is the stratum lucidum consist of? layers?

A

consists of 3-5 layers of clear, flat dead keratinocytes. Present in thick skin only like palm, fingertips, etc.

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16
Q

what is the stratum corneum? number of layers?

A

the thickest and most outer layer with 25 - 30 layers of flat and dead keratinocytes which are continuously shedding. Lamellar secretion (lipids) are between the cells waterproofs this layer.

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17
Q

what is dandruff? (in epidermis)

A

a condition where there is an excessive amount of keratinized cells shedding from the scalp.

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18
Q

what is the keratinization? (in epidermis)

A

its the accumulation of more and more protective keratin moving from the deepest layer to the surface layer.

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19
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

the death of cells

20
Q

what are the two regions of the dermis layer)

A
  1. papillary region
  2. reticular region
20
Q

What does the dermis layer contain?

A

contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, glands, and connective tissue

21
Q

what does the papillary region of the dermis layer contain?

A

upper 1/5 of the dermis and has dermal papillae. Contains capillaries, nerve endings and meissner corpuscles which is light touch receptors.

22
Q

what are stretch marks and where are they located in the skin?

A

they are tears located in the dermis due to being stretched too much and the collagen fibers were not able to handle it.

22
Q

what does the reticular region of the dermis layer contain?

A

its the lower portion of the dermis and contains collagen fibers providing strength, elastic fibers providing stretch-recoil properties and the pacinian corpuscles which a deep pressure touch.

23
Q

what is melanin and explain it further?

A

a pigment in the skin produced by melanocytes. The number of melanocytes are the same in people but its the amount of production that differs.

24
Q

what increases melanin production?

A

exposure to UV light and it absorbs the UV radiation.

24
Q

what is albinism?

A

it is a melanin related skin condition that is an inherited inability to produce melanin

24
Q

what is vitiligo?

A

it is a melanin-related skin condition that’s a partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

25
Q

which part of the hair protrudes out the skin and which is embedded in the skin?

A

hair shaft protrudes out the skin while root is embedded.

25
Q

list the accessory structures of skin. (5)

A
  1. hair & hair follicle
  2. sweat glands (sudoriferous)
  3. cerminous glands
  4. sebaceous glands
  5. nails
26
Q

how is hair pigment made?

A

its made by melanocytes at the base of the hair follicle and gets transferred to the cortex and medulla cells

26
Q

what are the 3 concentric rings of dead keratinized cells of the hair shaft and root structure?

A
  1. medulla is the most inner layer of the 3 which consists of 2-3 layers of large irregular shaped cells
  2. cortex which is several layers of flattened cells
  3. cuticle is the most outer layer of the 3 which consists of a single layer of cells for protection
27
Q

explain the structure of the hair follicle

A

the base of the follicle is the hair bulb which has the hair papilla protruding in and contains capillaries with a layer of cells called the matrix which goes through mitosis to create new cells.

28
Q

what are the growth stages that a hair follicle goes through? (3 stages)

A
  1. growth stage is the first and longest of the 3 stages. This is where the cells of the matrix divide.
  2. regression stage is when dividing of matrix stops
  3. resting stage which is the last and shortest of the 3 and nothing happens.
28
Q

what happens after the resting stage of the hair follicle growth cycle?

A

the old hair root falls out and a new hair begins to grow.

29
Q

what is the arrestor pili muscle?

A

it is a smooth muscle that is attached to the hair follicle and causes the hair shaft to rise aka goosebumps.

30
Q

what are ceruminous glands? function? location?

A

located in the lining of the external ear canal and are modified apocrine glands that secrete earwax (cerumen) which prevents foreign substances from entering.

30
Q

what are sebaceous glands? shape? function?

A

a sac like structure (branched alveolar) which creates more surface area connected to the hair follicles. It produces and secretes an oily substance sebum which softens and lubricates the hair and skin. It prevents dehydration and inhibits growth of some bacteria on the skin.

30
Q

what are the 2 types of the sweat glands?

A
  1. eccrine sweat glands
  2. apocrine sweat glands
30
Q

what is the eccrine sweat gland? shape? function? contains?

A

its is a coiled tubular gland that empties into a pore found in places like the palms and forehead, etc. It is functional from birth and helps regulate body temp and a little role in eliminating waste. It is composed of water, ions, urea, ammonia, glucose, etc.

31
Q

what is the apocrine sweat glands? located? function?

A

they are large and empty into the hair follicle. Its found in the armpits and groin which are specific areas. It functions at puberty and secretes and contains lipids and proteins which if broken down cause body odour.

32
Q

what are nails? function?

A

they are hard, keratinized epidermal cells and overall function is to protect the finger bone (phalanx) and help with grasping.

32
Q

what is the structure of a nail?

A

it includes the..
1. free edge which is the white part that growths and we cut
2. nail body which is the visible portion
3. nail root which is embedded in the folded part of the skin

33
Q

what are the special functions of the skin? (2)

A
  1. body temp regulation
  2. vitamin D synthesis
34
Q

what is the normal body temp? which parts of the body stay relatively constant and which fluctuates?

A

normal body temp is 37 C which is optimal for enzymatic activity. Th body core tends to stay at a relatively constant temp whereas the skin can fluctuate.

35
Q

what is vitamin D? how is it synthesized?

A
36
Q
A

Human Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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