Chapter 5 - Terms

Question 1

group

Answer 1

people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

Question 2

society

Answer 2

people who share a culture and a territory

Question 3

shaman

Answer 3

the healing specialist of a tribe who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease or injury; often called a witch doctor

Question 4

hunting and gathering society

Answer 4

a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival

Question 5

pastoral society

Answer 5

a society based on the pasturing of animals

Question 6

horticultural society

Answer 6

a society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools

Question 7

domestication revolution

Answer 7

the first social revolution, based on the domestication of plants and animals, which led to pastoral and horticultural societies

Question 8

agricultural revolution

Answer 8

the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural societies

Question 9

agricultural society

Answer 9

a society based on large-scale agriculture

Question 10

Industrial Revolution

Answer 10

the third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power

Question 11

industrial society

Answer 11

a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels

Question 12

postindustrial (information) society

Answer 12

a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing

Question 13

biotech society

Answer 13

a society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, and materials

Question 14

aggregate

Answer 14

individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

Question 15

category

Answer 15

people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together

Question 16

primary group

Answer 16

a small group characterized by cooperative intimate, longterm, face-to-face ­associations

Question 17

secondary group

Answer 17

compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

Question 18

in-group

Answer 18

a group toward which one feels loyalty

Question 19

out-group

Answer 19

a group toward which one feels antagonism

Question 20

reference group

Answer 20

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

Question 21

social network

Answer 21

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

Question 22

clique (cleek)

Answer 22

a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

Question 23

group dynamics

Answer 23

the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

Question 24

small group

Answer 24

a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members

Question 25

dyad

Answer 25

the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

Question 26

triad

Answer 26

a group of three people

Question 27

coalition

Answer 27

the alignment of some members of a group against others

Question 28

leader

Answer 28

someone who influences other people

Question 29

instrumental leader

Answer 29

an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader

Question 30

expressive leader

Answer 30

an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader

Question 31

leadership styles

Answer 31

ways in which people express their leadership

Question 32

authoritarian leader

Answer 32

an individual who leads by giving orders

Question 33

democratic leader

Answer 33

an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus

Question 34

laissez-faire leader

Answer 34

an individual who leads by being highly permissive

Question 35

groupthink

Answer 35

a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty