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A&P Lecture Unit 2 > Chapter 5 Stratum of Epidermis & Dermis + Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Stratum of Epidermis & Dermis + Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Skin

A

Integument

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2
Q

Integument consists of two distinct regions. What are they?

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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3
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

Superficial region (epithelial tissue)

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4
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Underlies the epidermis (mostly fibrous connective tissue)

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5
Q

Deep to the epidermis and dermis is the …?

A

Hypodermis (superficial fascia)

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6
Q

Hypodermis is the ____ layer deep to the skin.

A

subcutaneous

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7
Q

True or false: The hypodermis is part of the skin.

A

False.

The hypodermis is NOT part of the skin but shares some functions.

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8
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

Mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates

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9
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Anchors skin to underlying structures - mostly muscles

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10
Q

What are the two structures related to the follicles which controls and lubricates the hair?

A

Arrector pili muscles

Sebaceous glands associated with hair follicles

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11
Q

The epidermis is made up of …

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What are the 4 or 5 distinct layers of the epidermis?

A 
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum corneum
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13
Q

What are the four cell types of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Malanocytes
Dendritic cells
Tactile cells

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14
Q

What is the specific name for Dendritic cells?

A

Langerhans cells

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15
Q

What is the specific name for Tactile cells?

A

Merkel cells

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16
Q

What is the deepest epidermal layer?

A

Stratum basale

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17
Q

What is the second-deepest epidermal layer?

A

Stratum spinosum

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18
Q

What is the third epidermal layer from the bottom?

A

Stratum granulosum

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19
Q

What is the most superficial epidermal layer?

A

Stratum corneum

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20
Q

List the epidermal layers in order from most superficial to deepest.

A 
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
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21
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic (langerhans) cells
Tactile (merkel) cells

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22
Q

Cell of the epidermis which produce fibrous keratin, makes up most cells of the epidermis, and is tightly connected by desmosomes

A

Keratinocytes

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23
Q

Keratinocytes produce fibrous ____, makes up most cells of the ____, and is tightly connected by ____.

A

keratin, epidermis, desmosomes

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24
Q

Cell of the epidermis which is 10-25% of cells in deepest epidermis, produces the pigment melanin – packaged into melanosomes.

A

Melanocytes

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25
Q

What do melanosomes do?

A

Protect apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage.

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26
Q

Melanocytes are 10-25% of cells in ___ epidermis and produces the pigment ___ – packaged into ___.

A

deepest, melanin, melanosomes

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27
Q

Cell of the epidermis which are macrophages - key activators of immune system.

A

Dendritic (langerhans) cells

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28
Q

Dendritic (langerhans) cells which are ____ - key activators of the immune system.

A

macrophages

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29
Q

Cell of the epidermis which acts as the sensory touch receptors.

A

Tactile (merkel) cells

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30
Q

Tactile (merkel) cells act as the ___ ___ ___.

A

Sensory touch receptors

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31
Q

What are the 4 or 5 distinct layers of the epidermis?

A 
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum corneum
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32
Q

What is the deepest epidermal layer?

A

Stratum basale (basal layer)

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33
Q

What is another name for stratum basale?

A

Stratum germinativum

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34
Q

The stratum basale is firmly attached to the ___.

A

dermis

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35
Q

The stratum basale has a single row of __ __.

A

stem cells.

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36
Q

The stem cells in the stratum basale are actively ___ and produces two __ __.

A

Mitotic, daughter cells

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37
Q

One of the two daughter cells journeys from basal layer to surface which takes - days and __ as it moves toward surface.

A

25-45, dies

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38
Q

The other cell remains in the __ __ of the stem cell.

A

Stratum basale

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39
Q

Melanocytes compose __ -__ % of the stratum basale.

A

10-25 %

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40
Q

What is the only layer that is vascularized?

A

The dermis

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41
Q

How does the epidermis receive nourishment?

A

Nutrients diffuse through the tissue fluid from blood vessels to dermis.

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42
Q

What is the layer just beneath the stratum corneum which is only found in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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43
Q

What epidermal layer is the deepest, with one row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers.

A

Stratum basale

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44
Q

The stratum basale is the deepest epidermal layer, with one row of actively __ __ __; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers.

A

mitotic stem cells

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45
Q

Which epidermal layer has several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes. Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

A

Stratum spinosum

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46
Q

What is a nickname for stratum spinosum?

A

Prickly layer

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47
Q

The stratum spinosum has several layers of ___ unified by ___. Cells contain thick bundles of ___ ___ made of pre-keratin.

A

keratinocytes, desmosomes, intermediate filaments

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48
Q

The stratum spinosum is abundant in ____ and __ __.

A

melanosomes, dendritic cells

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49
Q

Which epidermal layer is thin, (consisting of four to six layers), and is the layer in which keratinocyte appearances change drastically, and the process of keratinization begins.

A

Stratum granulosum

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50
Q

What is keratinization?

A

When cells fill with the protein keratin

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51
Q

How do the keratinocyte cells’ appearance change?

A
  • Cells flatten
  • Nuclei and organelles disintegrate
  • Keratinization begins
  • Cells accumulate lamellar granules
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52
Q

During keratinization, cells accumulate ____ ___, which help form keratin in the upper layers.

A

Keratohyaline granules

53
Q

After keratinization, cells accumulate __ __.

A

Lamellar granules

54
Q

Lamellar granules’ water resistant glycolipid slows __ __.

A

Water loss

55
Q

Above the stratum granulosum, the epidermal cells are too far from __ __ and the glycolipids coating their external surfaces cut them off from nutrients, so they die.

A

dermal capillaries

56
Q

Which layer of the epidermis that is typically five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (releases lipids) and keratohyaline granules.

A

Stratum granulosum

57
Q

The stratum granulosum is typically five layers of __ __, organelles ___; cytoplam full of __ __ (releases lipids) and keratohyaline granules.

A

flattened cells, deteriorating, lamellar granules

58
Q

In the stratum granulosum, after cells flatten, and thier nuclei and organelles begin to disintegrate, what two types of granules do keratinocyte cells accumulate?

A

keratohyaline granules

lamellar granules

59
Q

What do keratohyaline granules do?

A

Help to form keratin in the upper layers.

60
Q

What do lamellar granules do?

A

Help to toughen up the outer strata by creating an epidermal water barrier through the spewing of glycolipids into the extracellular space which thickens the cell membrane.

61
Q

What epidermal layer is found only in thick skin, is a thin, translucent band superficial to the stratum granulosum, and is a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes called tonofiliments.

A

Stratum lucidum

62
Q

Which epidermal layer is made up of 20-30 rows of dead, flat, anucleate keratinized membranous sacs?

A

Stratum corneum

63
Q

The stratum corneum is made up of 20-30 rows of __, __, anucleate keratinized __ __.

A

dead, flat, membranous sacs.

64
Q

The stratum corneum makes up __ __ of epidermal thickness.

A

Three quarters

65
Q

Though the stratum corneum layer is dead, its cells have several functions. What are they?

A
  • Protect deeper cells from environment and water loss
  • Protect from abrasion and penetration
  • Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults
66
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial layer and is 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in extracellular space.

A

Stratum corneum

67
Q

The stratum corneum is the most superficial layer; how many layers of dead cell layers is it made of?

A

20-30 layers

68
Q

The dead skin layers of the stratum corneum are essentially __ __ __ filled with __.

A

flat membranous sacs, keratin

69
Q

Most epidermal cells are …?

A

Keratinocytes

70
Q

Tightly connected together by desmosomes, keratinocytes arise from what cell layer?

A

The deepest - stratum basale

71
Q

What are the spider shaped cells that synthesize pigment, and what layer are they found?

A

melanocytes, stratum basale

72
Q

As melanin is made, it accumulates in membrane-bound granules called ____ that motor proteins move along actin filaments to the ends of melanocytes spidery arms.

A

Melanosomes

73
Q

After being transferred to nearby keratinocytes, the ___ ___ accumulate on the superficial side of the keratinoctye nucleus, forming a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from the damaging uv.

A

melanin granules

74
Q

What is the second major skin region?

A

Dermis

75
Q

What tissue type is the dermis made up of?

A

Strong, flexible connective tissue

76
Q

What cells are found in the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages
and occasionally mast cells and WBC

77
Q

Fibers in matrix bind the body together, much like a ___ in making leather.

A

“hide”

78
Q

The dermis has a rich supply of ___, ___, and ___.

A

Nerve fibers
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels

79
Q

Epidermal hair follicles, oil and sweat glands reside in the ___.

A

Dermis

80
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary

Reticular

81
Q

Which is the most superficial layer of the dermis?

A

Papillary

82
Q

Dermis layer which is made up of areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels.

A

Papillary layer

83
Q

The papillary layer is made up of what type of connective tissue?

A

Areolar

84
Q

Within the papillary areolar connective tissue, there are __ and __, and __. This loose tissue allows ___ to patrol for microorganisms.

A

Collagen and elastic fibers
Blood vessels

phagocytes

85
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Superficial peglike projections which indent the underside of the overlying epidermis.

86
Q

Most dermal papillae contain ___ ___, but only some contain ___ or ___.

A

Capillary loops
Meissner’s corpuscles
Free nerve endings

87
Q

What are meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Touch receptors

88
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Pain receptors

89
Q

In thick skin, where do dermal papillae lie?

A

They lie atop atop dermal ridges.

90
Q

Dermal ridges cause the overlying epidermis to form

A

Epidermal ridges

91
Q

Collectively, these ridges are called …?

A

Friction ridges

92
Q

What do friction ridges do?

A
  • Enhance gripping ability
  • Contribute to sense of touch
  • Pattern is fingerprints
93
Q

Which dermal layer is deeper?

A

Reticular layer

94
Q

The reticular layer makes up what percentage of dermal thickness?

A

80% thickness

95
Q

The elastic fibers in the reticular layer provide __-__ properties.

A

stretch-recoil

96
Q

The reticular layer has thick bundles of ___ in its extrecellular matrix.

A

Collagen

97
Q

What are the collagen fibers’ function within the reticular layer?

A
  • Provide strength and resiliency
  • Bind water
  • Cleavage lines
98
Q

Why do cleavage lines form?

A

Because most collagen fibers are parallel to skin surface, thus becoming externally visible

99
Q

Why are cleavage lines important?

A
  • Important to surgeons

- Incisions parallel to cleavage lines gape less and heal more readily

100
Q

What is the difference between cleavage lines and flexure lines?

A

Cleavage lines are all over the body.

Flexure lines are at or near joints only

101
Q

What are flexure lines?

A

Dermal folds at or near joints

102
Q

Why do flexure lines form?

A

Because the dermis is tightly secure to deeper structure, skin cannot slide easily for joint movement causing deep creases.

103
Q

Where are flexure lines visible?

A

On hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes

104
Q

What are striae?

A
  • silvery-white scars from extreme stretching causing dermal tears.
  • a.k.a stretch marks
105
Q

What are blisters?

A

Fluid-filled pocket that separate epidermal and dermal layers from acute, short-term trauma

106
Q

What substance is produced in melanocytes, and migrates to keratinocytes to from “pigment sheilds”?

A

Melanin

107
Q

True or false: The same relative number of melanin is found in all races of people

A

True. Color differences due only to amount and form.

108
Q

Sunspots are not related to melanin but are instead a

A

Fungal infection

109
Q

Term for sunspot

A

Tinea versicolor

110
Q

Aside from melanin, what other two pigments contribute to skin color?

A

Carotene

Hemoglobin

111
Q

Which pigment is the only pigment made in the skin?

A

Melanin

112
Q

Which pigment is most obvious in palms and soles?

A

Carotene

113
Q

Which pigment accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermis?

A

Carotene

114
Q

Which pigment can be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health?

A

Carotene

115
Q

Which pigment is related to the pinkish hue of fair skin?

A

Hemoglobin

116
Q

The yellowish tinge of some asians involve which pigments?

A

Carotene and melanin

117
Q

Blue skin color - low oxygenation of hemoglobin

A

Cyanosis

118
Q

Fever, hypertension, imflammation, allergy

A

Erythemia (redness)

119
Q

Anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger

A

Pallor (blanching)

120
Q

Liver disorder

A

Jaundice (yellow cast)

121
Q

Inadequate steroid hormones in Addison’s disease

A

Bronzing

122
Q

Clotted blood beneath the skin

A

Bruises

123
Q

Appendages/Derivatives of the epidermis are:

A
  • Hair and hair follicles
  • Nails (this will be on the test)
  • Sweat glands
  • Sebaceous (oil) glands
124
Q

What is the smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that are responsible for “goose bumps”?

A

Arrector pili muscle

125
Q

What is pale, fine body hair of children and adult females?

A

Vellus hair

126
Q

What is the course, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, and at puberty, appear in the axillary and pubic regions, and on the face and neck of males?

A

Terminal hair

127
Q

What is the term meaning hair thinning in both sexes after age of 40?

A

Alopecia

128
Q

Scalelike modifications of the epidermis?

A

Nails

A&P Lecture Unit 2 (5 decks)

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