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A&P Lecture Unit 2 > Chapter 4 Epithelial Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Epithelial Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function.

A

Tissues

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2
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
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3
Q

True or false: most organs contain all four tissue types.

A

True

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4
Q

What type of anatomy does histology compliment? Together they provide the structural basis for understanding organ physiology.

A

Gross anatomy

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5
Q

The study of tissues is called …?

A

Histology

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6
Q

The primary function of epithelial tissue is to …?

A

Cover

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7
Q

The primary function of connective tissue is to …?

A

Support

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8
Q

The primary function of muscle tissue is to …?

A

Produce movement

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9
Q

The primary function of nervous tissue is to …?

A

Control

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10
Q

Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement. Includes:

A
  • Muscles attached to bone (Skeletal)
  • Muscles of the heart (Cardiac)
  • Muscles of walls of hollow organs (Smooth)
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11
Q

Allows us to study tissue structure.

A

Microscopy

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12
Q

When tissue is fixed for microscopy.

A

Preserved

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13
Q

How is tissue cut for preparation for microscopy?

A

It must be sliced thin enough to transmit light or electrons.

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14
Q

Although some apical surfaces are smooth and slick, most have ____, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane.

A

microvilli

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15
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

Tremendously increase the exposed surface area.

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16
Q

In epithelia that absorb or secrete (export) substances (those lining the intestine or kidney tubules, for instance), the microvilli are often so dense that the cell apices have a fuzzy appearance called a ___ ___.

A

brush border

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17
Q

Covering and lining epithelia is found…?

A

On external and internal surfaces

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18
Q

Glandular epithelia is found…?

A

in secretory tissue of glands

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19
Q

In its role as an interface tissue, epithelium accomplishes many functions, including:

A

1) protection
2) absorption
3) filtration
4) excretion
5) secretion
6) sensory reception

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20
Q

What are epithelial tissue’s five distinguishing characteristics?

A

1) polarity
2) specialized contacts
3) supported by connective tissues
4) being avascular but innervated
5) having the ability to regenerate

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21
Q

The basal lamina acts as a ___ ___ that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium.

A

selective filter

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22
Q

Epithelium which fashions the glands of the body

A

Glandular epithelium

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23
Q

The basal lamina is a noncellular ___ ___ consisting largely of ____ secreted by the epithelial cells, plus some fine collagen fibers

A

adhesive sheet, glycoproteins

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24
Q

Noncellular basal lamina is made up of

A

Glycoproteins and collagen fibers which lies adjacent to basal surface.

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25
Q

Name the three functions of noncellular basal lamina.

A
  • Adhesive sheet
  • Selective filter
  • Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair.
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26
Q

Where can microvilli be found in the body?

A

Brush border of intestinal lining

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27
Q

Where can cilia be found in the body?

A

Lining of trachea

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28
Q

The basal lamina and the reticular lamina form the ___ ___, which reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing, and defines the epithelial boundary

A

basement membrane

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29
Q

Some epithelia, such as that lining the trachea (windpipe), have ___ ___ (tiny hairlike projections) that propel substances along their free surface.

A

motile cilia

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30
Q

Name all characteristics of noncellular basal lamina:

A
  • Made up of glycoprotein and collagen fibers which lie adjacent to basal surface
  • Adhesive sheet
  • Selective filter
  • Scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair
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31
Q

Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together forming ___ ___.

A

continuous sheets

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32
Q

___ ___ bind adjacent cells to form continuous sheets.

A

Specialized contacts

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33
Q

What are specialized contacts?

A

They are lateral contacts which include:
Tight junctions
Desmosomes

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34
Q

All epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by ___ ___.

A

connective tissue

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35
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A

They help keep proteins in the apical region of the plasma membrane from diffusing into the basal region, which maintains epithelial polarity.

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36
Q

Epithelial cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets except for ___ ___.

A

glandular epithelium

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37
Q

What makes up the connective tissue which supports epithelial tissue?

A
  • Reticular lamina

- Basement membrane

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38
Q

Where is the reticular lamina located?

A

Lies deep (below) to basal lamina

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39
Q

What is the reticular lamina made of?

A

A network of collagen fibers

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40
Q

What is the basement membrane made of?

A

Basal lamina + reticular lamina

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41
Q

What are the three functions of the basement membrane?

A
  • Reinforces epithelial sheet
  • Resists stretching and tearing
  • Defines epithelial boundary
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42
Q

Homeostatic imbalance: an important characteristic of cancerous epithelial cells is their failure to respect the ___ ___ ___, which they penetrate to invade tissues beneath.

A

basement membrane boundary

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43
Q

Just deep to the basal lamina is the ___ ___, a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers that “belongs to” the underlying connective tissue.

A

reticular lamina

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44
Q

Containing no blood vessels.

A

Avascular

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45
Q

Supplied by nerve fibers.

A

Innervated

46
Q

Some epithelia are exposed to ___ causing their surface cells to rub off, or are damaged by ___ ___ ___.

A

friction, hostile environmental substances

47
Q

If and when the apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts are destroyed, epithelial cells begin to reproduce themselves rapidly. As long as epithelial cells receive ___ ___, they can replace lost cells by ___ ___.

A

adequate nutrition, cell division

48
Q

Epithelial tissues are named in the way they are classified: by cell ___, special features if present, and cell ___.

A

Cell layering

Cell Shape

49
Q

What are the types of epithelial tissue cell layering?

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

50
Q

What are the types of epithelial cell shapes?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

51
Q

Cell layer that has is false layering; appears stratified but all cells touch the basement membrane

A

Pseudostratified

52
Q

Does the shape of the nucleus conform to its cell shape? If so, list the differing shapes of each type of cell shape

A

Yes.

Simple cells: nucleus is a flattened disc
Cuboidal cells: nucleus is spherical
Columnar cells: nucleus is elongated from top to bottom and is usually found closer to the cell base

53
Q

In stratified epithelia, cell shapes differ in its many layers. To avoid ambiguity, stratified epithelia are named according to the shape of the cells in what layer?

A

The apical layer

54
Q

Cell shape that appears flattened (observed from one side)

A

Sqaumous

55
Q

Cell shape that appears “cube-shaped”; equal in height and width.

A

Cuboidal

56
Q

Cell shape that appears “column-shaped”, taller than it is wide.

A

Columnar

57
Q

Simple epithelia characteristics:

A
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
  • Filtration
  • Very thin
58
Q

Because they consist of a single layer and are usually very thin, ____ is not one of simple epithelia’s specialties.

A

Protection

59
Q

What kind of epithelium is found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

60
Q

Two simple squamous epithelia in the body have special names that reflect their location. What are they?

A

Endothelium

Mesothelium

61
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

A
  • Kidney glomeruli
  • air sacs of lungs
  • lining of heart
  • blood vessels
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
62
Q

Mesothelium can be found …?

A

The epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity

63
Q

Endothelium can be found …?

A

The linings of:

  • lymphatic vessels
  • Blood vessels
  • heart
64
Q

Epithelium which consists of a single layer cells as tall as they are wide

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

65
Q

What are the major functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Secretion and absorption

66
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A
  • Kidney tubules
  • Ducts and secretory portions of small glands
  • Ovary surface
67
Q

Epithelium which consists of a single layer of tall, closely packed cells.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

68
Q

What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • Absorption
  • Secretion of mucous, enzymes, and other substances
  • Ciliated type propels mucous (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action
69
Q

Simple columnar epithelium bearing cilia propels mucous or reproductive cells by …?

A

ciliary action

70
Q

Epithelial tissue has a high regenerative capacity; regeneration is stimulated by loss of ____ ____ and ___ ___.

A

apical-basal polarity, lateral contacts

71
Q

Epithelium which have cells that vary in height; cell nuclei located at different levels and appears stratified, but is not. Secretion and absorption.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

72
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  • secrete substances, particularly mucus

- propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

73
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?

A
  • non-ciliated type in males sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands
  • ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract
74
Q

Epithelial tissue which is made up of two or more cell layers, regenerate from below, more durable than simple epithelia, protection is a major role.

A

Stratified epithelium

75
Q

How does stratified epithelial tissue regenerate?

A

Regenerates from below; basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface

76
Q

What is the most widespread type of stratified epithelia?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

77
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium’s free surface is squamous, but it’s deeper layers are ___ or ___

A

cuboidal, columnar

78
Q

What areas are stratified squamous epithelium most likely to be located in general?

A

In areas of high wear and tear

79
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium that are ___ from the basal layer (and therefore nutrients) are less ___.

A

farthest, viable

80
Q

What type of epithelium has a thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium’s function?

A

Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

82
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium located?

A

Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

83
Q

What is the only type of pseudostratified epithelium found in the body?

A

Columnar

84
Q

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal or columnar; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dime shaped or squamouslike depending on degree of organ stretch

A

Transitional epithelium

85
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ.

86
Q

Where is transitional epithelium located?

A

Lines ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra.

87
Q

One or more cells that make and secrete an aqueous fluid called a secretion.

A

Gland

88
Q

How are glands classified?

A

Classified by:

  • site of product release-endocrine or exocrine
  • relative number of cells forming the gland i.e. Unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular
89
Q

Ductless glands secrete (by exocytosis) hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs; target organs respond in some characteristic way

A

Endocrine glands

90
Q

Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities

A

Exocrine glands

91
Q

Which gland is more numerous?

A

Exocrine glands

92
Q

Which gland secretes products into ducts? Examples include mucus, sweat, oil, and salivary glands

A

Exocrine glands

93
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands: the only important unicellular glands are ___ ___ and ___ ___.

A

mucous cells, goblet cells

94
Q

Where are unicellular exocrine glands found?

A

They are found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts

95
Q

Only unicellular exocrine glands produce ___?

A

mucin

96
Q

What is mucin?

A

Dissolves in water to form mucus; slimy protective, lubricating coating

97
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a __ and a ___ ___.

A

Duct, secretory unit

98
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands are usually surrounded by ___ ___ ___.

A

supportive connective tissue

99
Q

The supportive connective tissue which usually surrounds multicellular exocrine glands supplies …?

A

blood and nerve fibers

100
Q

The supportive connective tissue which usually surrounds multicellular exocrine glands extends

A

into and divides gland into lobes

101
Q

What are the structural classifications of multicellular glands?

A
  • Simple glands (unbranched duct) or compound glands (branched duct)
  • cells tubular, alveolar, or tubularalveolal
102
Q

What are the types of secretions that multicellular glands are classified by?

A

Merocrine
Holocrine
Apocrine

103
Q

What are merocrine glands?

A

Make up most multicellular glands; secrete products by exocytosis as produced

104
Q

What are holocrine glands?

A

Accumulate products within, then rupture

105
Q

What are apocrine glands?

A

Accumulates products within, but only apex ruptures - controversy if it even exists in humans

106
Q

Which glands are ductless glands (secretions not released into a duct)?

A

Endocrine gland

107
Q

Secrete (by ___ ) hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs. Target organs respond in some characteristic way

A

exocytosis

108
Q

Exocrine glands more numerous than endocrine glands, secretes products __ ducts. Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands

A

into

109
Q

Unicellular glands are found in epithelial linings of ..?

A

intestinal and respiratory tracts

110
Q

Unicellular glands all produce ___:

A

mucin

111
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and a __ __.

A

secretory unit

112
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands are Usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue which

A
  • Supplies blood and nerve fibers

- Extends into and divides gland into lobes

A&P Lecture Unit 2 (5 decks)

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