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A&P Lecture Unit 2 > Chapter 4 Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the four main classes of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

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3
Q

What are the subclasses of connective tissue proper?

A
  • Loose connective tissue (includes Areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
  • Dense connective tissue (includes Regular, Irregular, Elastic)
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4
Q

What are the cells associated with loose connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Defense cells
Adipocytes

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5
Q

Which subclass of connective tissue proper has a gel-like substance in its matrix?

A

Loose connective tissue

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6
Q

What are the fiber types found in loose connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

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7
Q

What are the six different types of connective tissue proper which vary in density and types of fibers?

A 
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Dense elastic
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8
Q

What are the subclasses of Cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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9
Q

What are the cells associated with cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts found in growing cartilage

Chondrocytes

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10
Q

What type of matrix does Cartilage have?

A

Gel-like ground substance

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11
Q

What types of fibers are found in Cartilage?

A

Collagen

Elastic fibers in some

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12
Q

Cartilage resists compression because of the large amounts of ___ held in the ___.

A

water, matrix

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13
Q

What are the subclasses of Bone?

A

Compact bone

Spongey bone

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14
Q

What cells are associated with bone?

A

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

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15
Q

What type of matrix does bone have?

A

Gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts

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16
Q

What type of fibers does bone have?

A

Collagen

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17
Q

What cells are associated with blood?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets

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18
Q

What is contained in blood’s matrix?

A

Plasma, with no fibers

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19
Q

Connective tissue is not composed mainly of cells but instead, largely nonliving ___ ___ separates cells.

A

extracellular matrix

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20
Q

What are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?

A

Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

Composition varies depending on connective tissue

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21
Q

What is unstructured material that fills space between cells

A

Ground substance

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22
Q

Ground substance is a medium through which solutes ___ between blood capillaries and cells

A

diffuse

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23
Q

What are the components of ground substance?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Cell adhesion proteins (“glue”)
  • Proteoglycans
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24
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)

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25
Q

What do proteoglygans do?

A

Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance

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26
Q

What are the three types of fibers that provide support in connective tissue?

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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27
Q

Connective tissue fiber which is the strongest and most abundant type. Tough; provides high tensile strength

A

Collagen

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28
Q

Connective tissue fiber which has networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

A

Elastic fibers

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29
Q

Connective tissue fiber which has short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
Branch, forming networks that offer more “give”

A

Reticular

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30
Q

What type of cell is in an immature form; mitotically active, and secrete ground substance and fibers?

A

Blast cells

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31
Q

Blast cell associated with Connective tissue proper?

A

Fibroblasts

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32
Q

Blast cell associated with Cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts

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33
Q

Blast cell associated with Bone

A

Osteoblasts

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34
Q

Cells found in hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

A

Blast cells

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35
Q

Mature form, maintain matrix

A

-cyte cells i.e. Chondrocytes in cartilage

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36
Q

Other cells types in connective tissue include:

A
  • Fat cells
  • WBC
  • Mast cells
  • Macophages
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37
Q

Which loose connective tissue supports and binds other tissues; is the universal packing material between other tissues?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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38
Q

Areolar connective tissue is the most widely distributed, provides reservoir of ___ and ___, defends against infection, stores nutrients as fat, and when inflamed soaks up fluid which is called ___

A

water, salts

edema

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39
Q

What fiber types does Areolar connective tissue have/

A

All three:
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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40
Q

What cells are found in Areolar connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Some WBCs
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41
Q

Which loose connective tissue is white fat, similar to areolar but has greater nutrient fat storage?

A

Adipose tissue

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42
Q

What is adipose tissue’s cells?

A

Adipocyte; stores nutrients

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43
Q

What type of matrix does adipose tissue have?

A

Scanty matrix

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44
Q

Adipose tissue is ___ vascularized.

A

richly

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45
Q

Adipose tissue as brown fat uses lipid fuels to heat ____ instead of producing ATP.

A

Bloodstream

46
Q

Which loose connective tissue resembles areolar but fibers are a network of reticular fibers?

A

Reticular connective tissue

47
Q

Reticular connective tissue’s fibroblasts are called

A

reticular cells

48
Q

Reticular connective tissue supports free blood cells in ___ ___, the ___, and bone marrow

A

lymph nodes, spleen,

49
Q

Connective tissue proper tissue which is closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull

A

Dense regular connective tissue

50
Q

Dense regular connective tissues parallel running collagen fibers are ___ structures with ___ ___ to pulling. Fibers are slightly ____ to allow for some stretch.

A

white, great resistance, wavy

51
Q

Dense regular connective tissue’s fibroblasts manufacture

A

fibers and ground substance.

52
Q

Dense regular connective tissue has ___ cells and is ___ vascularized.

A

few, poorly

53
Q

Dense regular connective tissue has parallel ___ fibers and a few ___ fibers.

A

Collagen, elastic

54
Q

Dense regular connective tissue’s major cell type is

A

Fibroblast

55
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue have the same elements as dense regular connective tissue, but its bundles of collagen are __ and __ __ . Resists tension from many directions

A

thicker, irregularly arranged

56
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue has irregularly arranged ___ fibers, some ___ fibers.

A

collagen, elastic

57
Q

Elastic connective tissue is __ __ __ tissue containing a high proportion of ___ fibers

A

dense regular connective, elastic

58
Q

What are the cells associated with Cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts, chondrocytes

59
Q

Cartilage is tough yet flexible, lacks ___ fibers, and is up to __ % water - can rebound after compression.

A

nerve, 80 %

60
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients since it is avacular?

A

Nutrients from membrane surrounding it - perichondrium

61
Q

Three types of cartilage are:

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartliage

62
Q

Hyaline cartilage has an amorphouse but firm matrix, has ___ fibers which form an imperceptible network.

A

collagen

63
Q

Chondroblasts produce the matrix and after matured (chondrocytes), lie in ___

A

lacunae

64
Q

Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartliage, but has more __ __ in the matrix.

A

elastic fibers

65
Q

Fibrocartilage matrix is similar, but less __ than hyaline cartilage.

A

firm

66
Q

In fibrocartilage, thick ___ fibers dominate

A

collagen

67
Q

What is another name for bone?

A

Osseous tissue

68
Q

Bone supports and protects body structures, stores __ and synthesizes __ __ in cavities.

A

fat, blood cells

69
Q

True or false: Bone has more collagen than cartilage.

A

True

70
Q

What maintains the matrix in bone?

A

Osteocytes

71
Q

Bone is __ vascularized.

A

Richly

72
Q

What is the most atypical connective tissue?

A

Blood, a fluid

73
Q

What is the most common cell type found in blood?

A

erythrocytes (RBCs)

74
Q

Blood’s fibers are soluble proteins that ____ during blood clotting

A

precipitate

75
Q

Blood’s matrix has __ and __ blood cells in a fluid matrix (__).

A

Red, white, plasma

76
Q

Which muscle type is the only one that voluntarily moves?

A

Skeletal

77
Q

Which is the only muscle tissue that has multinucleate cells?

A

Skeletal

78
Q

Which muscle tissue has intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac

79
Q

Which muscle tissues are striated?

A

Skelatal, cardiac

80
Q

What controlling tissue regulates and controls body functions?

A

Nervous tissue

81
Q

Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

A

Neurons

82
Q

Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia

83
Q

Which nerve process carry impulses away from the dendrite body?

A

Axons

84
Q

Which nerve process carry impulses toward the dendrite body?

A

Dendrites

85
Q

Epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue proper

A

Covering and lining membranes

86
Q

Covering and lining membranes are composed of at least __ primary tissue types.

A

Two

87
Q

What are the 3 types of covering and lining membranes?

A

Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes

88
Q

What covering and lining membrane makes up the skin, epidermis, dermis, and is a dry membrane?

A

Cutaneous membranes

89
Q

What covering and lining membrane makes up the moist lining in all body cavities that open to the outside of the body?

A

Mucous membranes, also called mucosae

90
Q

The term mucosa indicates __ __ __, NOT the cell composition

A

location of lining

91
Q

Epithelial sheet lies over layer of connective tissue called __ __.

A

lamina propria

92
Q

What covering and lining membrane is found in closed ventral body cavity

A

Serous membranes

93
Q

Seroae is __ __ __ (mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue.

A

simple squamous epithelium

94
Q

__ serosae line the internal body cavity walls.

A

Parietal

95
Q

__ serosae cover internal organs

A

Visceral

96
Q

Pleura line the …?

A

thoracic wall and lungs

97
Q

Pericardium lines the …?

A

Heart

98
Q

Peritoneum lines the …?

A

abdominopelvic cavity

99
Q

Tissue repair occurs in two major ways:

A
  • Regeneration

- Fibrosis

100
Q

What is regeneration?

A
  • Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue

- Original function restored

101
Q

What is fibrosis?

A
  • Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue

- Original function lost

102
Q

Steps in tissue repair: Step 1 includes

A

“Imflammation sets the stage”

  • Inflammatory chemicals are released
  • Dilation of blood vessels
  • Increase in vessel permeability
  • Clotting occurs
103
Q

Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 2 includes

A

“Organization restores blood supply”

  • The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue
  • Epithelium begins to regenerate
  • Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap
  • Debris is phagocytized
104
Q

Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 3 includes

A

“Regeneration and fibrosis”

  • The scab detaches
  • Fibrous tissue matures; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
  • Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue
105
Q

Virtually no functional regenerative capacity for:

A

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord

106
Q

Moderate regenerating capacity for:

A

Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue

107
Q

Regenerates extremely well:

A

The rest of the tissues and bone found in the body

108
Q

What are the primary germ layers Superficial to deep?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

109
Q

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are formed ___ in embryonic development and specialize to form the 4 primary tissues (nerve, muscle, connective, epithelium)

A

early

110
Q

What arises from ectoderm?

A

Nerve tissue

111
Q

What arises from mesoderm?

A

Muscle and connective tisssues

112
Q

What arises from all three germ layers?

A

Epithelial tissues

A&P Lecture Unit 2 (5 decks)

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