Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

Racism

Answer 1

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another

Question 2

Sexism

Answer 2

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional or cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another

Question 3

Stereotypes

Answer 3

A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics

Question 4

Prejudice

Answer 4

Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups

Question 5

Discrimination

Answer 5

Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

Question 6

Modern Racism

Answer 6

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

Question 7

Aversive Racism

Answer 7

Racism that concerns the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, on the one hand, and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, on the other hand.

Question 8

Implicit Racism

Answer 8

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

Question 9

Ambivalent Sexism

Answer 9

A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings

Question 10

Stigmatized

Answer 10

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic

Question 11

Stereotype Threat

Answer 11

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group

Question 12

Social Categorization

Answer 12

The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

Question 13

Ingroups

Answer 13

Groups which and individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

Question 14

Outgroups

Answer 14

Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

Question 15

Outgroup Homogeneity Effect

Answer 15

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

Question 16

Social Dominance Orientation

Answer 16

A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

Question 17

System Justification Theory

Answer 17

A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions

Question 18

Stereotype Content Model

Answer 18

A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth

Question 19

Superordinate Goal

Answer 19

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals and groups

Question 20

Realistic Conflict Theory

Answer 20

The theory that hostility, between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Question 21

Relative Deprivation

Answer 21

Feelings of discontent by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

Question 22

Ingroup Favoritism

Answer 22

The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups

Question 23

Social Identity Theory

Answer 23

The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem

Question 24

Social Role Theory

Answer 24

The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women

Question 25

Illusory Correlation

Answer 25

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

Question 26

Subliminal Presentation

Answer 26

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them

Question 27

Contact Hypothesis

Answer 27

The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions

Question 28

Jigsaw Classroom

Answer 28

A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts