Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination Flashcards
Racism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another
Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional or cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another
Stereotypes
A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics
Prejudice
Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups
Discrimination
Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group
Modern Racism
A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize
Aversive Racism
Racism that concerns the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, on the one hand, and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs, on the other hand.
Implicit Racism
Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally
Ambivalent Sexism
A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings
Stigmatized
Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic
Stereotype Threat
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group
Social Categorization
The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes
Ingroups
Groups which and individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity
Outgroups
Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups
Social Dominance Orientation
A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups
System Justification Theory
A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions
Stereotype Content Model
A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth
Superordinate Goal
A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals and groups
Realistic Conflict Theory
The theory that hostility, between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources
Relative Deprivation
Feelings of discontent by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others
Ingroup Favoritism
The tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups
Social Identity Theory
The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem
Social Role Theory
The theory that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women
Illusory Correlation
An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated
Subliminal Presentation
A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them
Contact Hypothesis
The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions
Jigsaw Classroom
A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts