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Social Psychology > Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimation > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimation Flashcards

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1
Q

Racism

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another

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2
Q

Sexism

A

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another

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3
Q

Ageism

A

Discrimination based on age

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4
Q

Stereotype

A

Belief or association that links whole groups of people with certain traits or characteristics

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5
Q

Prejudice

A

Consists of negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social group

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6
Q

Discrimination

A

Concerns behaviors - specifically negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

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7
Q

Group

A

Two or more people perceived at least one of the following characteristics:

Direct interactions with each other over a period of time

Joint membership in a social category based on sex, race, or other attributes

Shared, common fate, identity, or set of goals

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8
Q

Ingroup

A

Groups we idenitfy with - our country, our religion, political party, even our hometown sports team

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9
Q

Outgroup

A

Groups other than our own

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10
Q

Old-Fashioned Racism

A

Blatant, explicit, and unmistakable

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11
Q

Modern Racism

A

Subtle form of prejudice that tends to surface when it is safe, socially acceptable, or easy to rationalize; subtle and most likely to be presend under the cloud of ambiguity

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12
Q

Aversive Racism

A

Concerns the ambivalence between individuals’ sincerely fair-minded attitudes and beliefs, on the one hand, and their largely unconscious and unrecognized negative feelings and beliefs about another race, on the other hand

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13
Q

Implicit Racism

A

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

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14
Q

Implicit Association Test

A

(IAT) Measures the extent to which two concepts are associated

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15
Q

Who first developed and tested the Implicit Association test?

A

Anthony Greenwald

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16
Q

Metastereotypes

A

Thoughts about the outgroup’s stereotypes about them

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17
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Prescriptive rather than descriptive; Indicate wht many people in a given culture believe men and women should be; Degree to wihch ingroup and outgroup members interact, involves more of an ambivalence between positive and negative feelings

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18
Q

Ambivalent Sexism

A

Consists of two elements: Hostile Sexism and Benevolent Sexism

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19
Q

Hostile Sexism

A

Characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and ability to challenge men’s power

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20
Q

Benevolent Sexism

A

Characterized by affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection

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21
Q

Who proposed Ambivalent Sexism

A

Susan Fiske & Peter Glicke

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22
Q

What types of qualities do the Candidates emphasize?

A

Agentic Qualities - technical competence, independence, and leadership ability

Communal Qualities - Interpersonal and social skills

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23
Q

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

A

People try to balance the desire to belong and afiliate with others, on one hand, and the desire to be distinct and differentiated from others, on the other hand. This drive may drive people to identify with relatively small ingroups and distance themselves from outgroups and from individuals whose group status is ambiguous.

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Terror Management Theory

A

People cope with fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help preserve their self esteem; favoring ingroups over outgroups is one important way that people preserve their cultural worldvious and, by doing so, try to attain a kind of immortality

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26
Q

Who conducted the Robbers Cave Experiment?

A

Muzafer Sherif

27
Q

What was the Robbers Cave Experiment about?

A

Study of competitiveness and coorperation; Groups eventually turned into hostile antagonists and rivalry escalated into a full-scale war; restoring peace took the introduction of a superordinate goal

28
Q

Superordinate Goal

A

Mutual goals that can be achieved only through cooperation between the groups

29
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory

A

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

30
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others

31
Q

MInimal Groups

A

Categorization of people based on trivial, minimally important similarities

32
Q

Ingroup Favoritism

A

Favoring members of one’s ingroup rather than members of another group

33
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

Eachof us strives to enhance our self-esteem, which has two components: a Personal Identity and various collective or Social identities based on groups to which we belong

34
Q

Proponents of Social Identity Theory

A

Henri Tajfel

John Turner

35
Q

Basic predictions which arose from Social Identity Theory

A

Threats to one’s self-esteem heighten the need for ingroup favoritism

Expressions of ingroup favoritism enhance one’s self-esteem

36
Q

What other factors were added to extend the Social Identity Theory?

A

Esteem Relevant Threats

Types of Groups

Types of Ingroup Members

37
Q

Social Dominance Orientation

A

A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

38
Q

System Justification

A

Processes that endorse and legitimize existing social arrangements; protect the status quo

39
Q

Social Categorization

A

The process by which people are sorted into groups on the basis of gender, race, and other common attributes

40
Q

Outgroup Homogeniety Effect

A

Perceivers assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of one’s own group; there may be fine and subtle difference among us but they are all aliike

41
Q

What are reasons for the tendency to perceive outgroups are homogeneous?

A

Lack of personal contact

Lack of diversity of experiences with outgroup members

42
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

43
Q

What are the processes that Illusory Correlation arise from?

A

Tendency to overestimate the association between variables that are distinctive: variables that capture attention simply because they are novel or deviant

People tend to overestimate the association between variables they already expect to go together

44
Q

What is Socialization?

A

The processes by which people learn the nromes, rules, and information of a culture or group

45
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

Model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth

46
Q

Subliminal Presentation

A

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them

47
Q

Who proposed Subliminal Presentations?

A

Patricia Devine

48
Q

What factors make automatic activation of Stereotypes more likely?

A

Cognitive Factors - accessible stereotype (recently activated or primed); depleted cognitive resources due to prior attempts to repress stereotypical thinking, fatigue, age, and intoxication

Cultural factors - popular stereotype in culture; norms and values that accept stereotyping

Motivational Factors - Motivated to make inferences about the person quickly; motivated to feel superior to the other person

Personal Factors - endorses stereotypes, high in prejudice

49
Q

What factors make Automatic Activation of Stereoptypes less likely?

A

Cognitive Factors - exposure to counter-stereotypic group members; knowledge of personal information about the individual

Cultural Factors - not common stereotype in culture; norms and values that are opposed to stereotyping

Motivational Factors - motivated to avoid prejudice; motivated to be fair, egalitarian

Personal Factors - Disagrees with stereotypes, low in prejudice

50
Q

Self-Regulation of Prejudiced Responses Model

A

People who are truly motivated to be fair and unprejudiced are often confronted with the sad reality that they have failed to live up to that goal; realizations lead to unpleasant emotions such as guild; as they experience feelings of guilt repeatedly, they begin to develop expertise at recognizing the situations and stimuli that tend to trigger these failures, and therefore they can exert more control over them. In so doing, they begin to interrupt what had been automatic stereotype activation.

51
Q

What happened in “41 Shots”

A

A man named Amadou Diallo was shot by officers who thought he was the suspect they were searching for; 19 of the 41 shots hit Diallo

52
Q

Stigmatized Targets

A

Individuals who are targets of negative stereotypes, perceived as deviant and devalued in society because they are embers of a particular social group or because they have a particular characteristic

53
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group

54
Q

Social Identity Threat

A

Reflect a more general devaluing of a person’s social group

55
Q

Stereotype Lift

A

Advantage of being favorable compared to an outgroup that is targeted by a negative stereotype

56
Q

How does stereotype threat exert its effects?

A

Trigger physiological arousal (interferes with people’s ability to perform well on the task at hand)

Cause threatened individuals to try to suppress thoughts about the stereotype (drains cognitive resources away from the task they are working on)

Impairs threatened individuals’ working memory (impairs task performance)

Cause negative thoughts, worry, and feelings of dejections and focus more on trying to avoid failure than to achieve success

57
Q

Contact Hypothesis

A

Under certain conditions, direct contact between members of rival groups will reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

58
Q

Who proposed Contact Hypothesis?

A

Gordon Allport

59
Q

How does contact reduce prejudice?

A

Enhancing knowledge about the outgroup

Reducing anxiety about intergroup contact

Increasing empathy and perspective-taking

60
Q

Jigsaw Classroom

A

Cooperative learning method whereby everyone, regardless of race, ability or self confidence, needs everyone else if the group as a whole is to succeed

61
Q

Who proposed Jigsaw Classroom?

A

Elliot Aronson

62
Q

Common Intergroup Identity Model

A

Change comes about through two separate processes: decategorization and recategorization

63
Q

Decategorization

A

Leads people not only to pay less attention to categories and intergroup boundaries but also to perceive outgroup members as individuals

64
Q

Recategorization

A

Leads people to change their conception of groups, allowing them to develop a more inclusive sense of the diversity that characterizes their own ingroup. By recognizing members of an outgroup as ingroup members, a common ingroup idenitutt can be forged

Social Psychology (8 decks)

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