Chapter 10: Helping Flashcards
What are Prosocial Behaviors?
These are actions intended to benefit others
What is the Evolutionary Factors involved in Helping?
Kin Selection
Reciprocal Altruism
What is the Evolutionary Perspective as it relates to helping?
Analysis in terms of its contributions to reproductive success,in ancestral environments: conception, birth, and survival of offspring over the course of many generations
What is the Selfish Gene about?
The survival of the fittest
What is Kin Selection?
Indirect route to genetic survival; the tendency to help genetic relatives; warning relatives or saving them from harm
What is an Innate Characteristic?
It is a characteristic that is not contingent on learning for its development
What is Reciprocal Altruism?
Helping someone else as being in one’s best interest because it increases the likelihood that you will be helped in return; helps individuals survive and reproduce more
How does Indirect Reciprocity work?
I help you and somebody else helps me
What is Group Selection?
These are groups whose members are altruistic members may be more likely to thrive and avoid extinction than groups with only selfish individuals
How has Morality evolved?
It evolved due to to the social nature of primates, including (but not exclusive to) the human animal
How did Parental Caregiving evolve?
Parental caregiving tends to help kin survive, but these behaviors can sometimes generalize to helping offspring who are not their kin
What is Empathy?
It is understanding or vicariously experiencing another individual’s perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual
What are Components of Empathy?
Perspective-Taking
Emphatic Concern
What is Perspective Taking as it relates to Empathy?
Using the power of imagination to try to see the world through someone else’s eyes (Cognitive Component)
What is Emphatic Concern?
It involves other-oriented feelings, such as sympathy and compassion for that individual
What is Personal Distress?
It involves self-oriented reactions to a person in need such as feeling alarmed, trouble, or upset
What is the Arousal: Cost-Reward Model of Helping?
It stipulates that both emotional and cognitive factors determine whether bystanders to an emergency will intervene
What is Bystander Calculus?
People’s computation of cots and rewards associated with helping
What will happen potential rewards to self and victim outweighs the potential costs to self and victim?
Bystanders will help
What happens when potential costs to self and victim outweigh the costs of potential rewards to self and victim?
Bystanders will not help
What is the Negative State Relief Model?
Because of the positive effect of helping, people who are feeling bad may be inclined to help others in order to improve their mood; people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of success
Who proposed then Negative State Relief Model?
Robert Cialdini
What is Courageous Resistance?
It is a type of thoughtful helping in the face of enormous costs
What are Good Samaritan Laws?
Encourage bystanders to intervene in emergencies by offering them legal protection, particularly doctors who volunteer medical care when they happen upon emergencies
What are Duty to Rescue Laws?
Laws which require people to provide or summon aid in an emergency, so long as they do not endanger themselves in the process
What are the two types of Motivations to Helping?
Egoistic Motivation
Altruistic Motivation
What is Egoistic Motivation?
It is motivated by the desire to increase one’s own welfare; motivation by selfish concerns
What are Altruistic Motivations?
Motivations by the desire to increase another’s welfare
What is the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis?
The cognitive and emotional components are the key to altruism; if you perceive someone in need and imagine how that person feels, you are likely to experience other-oriented feelings of emphatic concern, which in turn produce the altruistic motivve to reduce the other person’s distress
Who proposed the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis?
Daniel Batson
Who was Kitty Genovese?
She was a victim of a crime wherein 38 neighbors saw her but nobody intervened, Genovese died by the time she got to the hospital
Who proposed the Bystander Effect?
John Darley & Bibb Latane
What is the Bystander Effect?
The more bystanders the are, the less likely the victim will be helped; the presence of others inhibits helping
What is the decision-making process involved in emergency people?
Noticing Interpreting Taking Responsibility Deciding How To Help Providing Help
What are examples of Helping-Related Situational Factors?
Where We Live
Time Pressure
Kind of Mood we’re in
Social Norms
What is Stimulus Overload?
Tuning out events as a result of frequency
What is Pluralistic Ignorance?
It is a state of ignorance wherein each individual believes his/hher own thoughts and feelings are different from other people, when in fact many other people are thinking or feeling the same way; each observer take cues from each other’s inaction, each observer concludes that help is not required.
What is Diffusion of Responsibility?
It is the belief that others will or should intervene; takes place under conditions of anonymity, can be defeated by a person’s role, depends on familiarity with the victim
What is Indirect Helping?
Asking for assistance
What are Sources of Conflict of Helping?
Time Pressure
Location
Culture
Mood
Who conducted the Good Samaritan Experiment?
John Darley and Daniel Batson
Who proposed Information Overload?
Stanley Milgram
What is the Good Mood Effect?
The effect whereby a good mood increases helping behavior
How do Negative Moods and Helping Behavior relate?
Negative moods promote helping by giving one motivation to repair their mood
When do good moods lead to helping?
When one desires to maintain one’s good mood, when one has positive expectations about helping, when one has positive thoughts, when one has positive thoughts and expectations about social activities
When does Feeling Good not lead to doing good?
When costs of helping are high
When positive thoughts about other social activities conflict with helping
When we are in a bad mood, when are we likely to help others?
When we take responsibility for what caused the bad mood, when it makes us focus on other people, when we think about our personal values that do not promote helping
How do people who exemplify helping inspire us to help?
They provide an example of behavior for us to imitate
People who model helping behavior teach us that helping is valued and rewarding, strengthens our own inclination to be helpful
They make us think about and become more aware of standards of conduct in our society
What are Social Norms?
General rules of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval
What is the Norm of Reciprocity?
Established quid-pro-quo transactions as a socially approved standard
What is the Norm of Equity?
It prescribes that when people are in a situation in which they feel Overbenefited, they should help those who are Under benefited; such help restores an equitable balance
What is the Norm of Social Reponsibility?
It dictates that people should help those who need assistance; creates a sense of duty and obligations to which people respond by giving more to help to those in greater need of it
Whom do people help?
People who are attractive (Interpersonal & Physical)
Attributions of Responsibility
Fit between Giver and Receiver
What are Attributions of Responsibility?
People’s beliefs about the needy individual’s responsibility
What is meant by the Fit between a Giver and Receiver?
The similarities between a giver and a receiver
What is the Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model?
People sometimes offer more help to a stranger than to a friend if the help is for something that can be threatening to the helper’s ego
What are the classic senses of helping?
Social Support
Knight in Shining Armor
What is the Threat to Self Esteem Model?
The theory that reactions to receiving assistance depend on whatever help is perceived as supportive or threatening
What is Implicit Social Support?
Support that comes from just thinking about close others but that does not involve actually seeking or receiving their help in coping with stressful events
