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Social Psychology > Chapter 11: Aggression > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Aggression?

A

Behavior intended to harm another individuaal

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2
Q

What is Violence?

A

Extreme acts of aggression

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3
Q

What is Anger?

A

Strong feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived injury, the nature of which depends on the specific situation

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4
Q

What is Hostility?

A

Negative, antagonistic attitude toward another group

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5
Q

What is Instrumental Aggression?

A

Harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end, includes harming someone for personal gain, attention or even self defense

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6
Q

Emotional Aggression

A

Reactive Aggression; Harm is inflicted for its own sake

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7
Q

What is the connection between Culture and Aggression?

A

High rate of single parenthood in Americas, correlates with violent crime
Individualistic cultures are associated with violence
Guns in the US had higher gun-related violence
Violent Crime lower in the US than England and Wales
Murder rates in US higher than England
Different cultures have different attitudes and behaviors regarding aggression between men and women

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8
Q

Symptoms of Bullying

A

Extraordinary Suffering, feelings of panic, nervousness, and distraction in school, recurring memories of abuse. Can lead to depression and anxiety in adulthood, even suicide

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9
Q

What makes some societies peaceful?

A

Opposition of competition

Endorsement of cooperation in all aspects of life

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10
Q

What are the two types of Aggression?

A

Relational/Indirect Aggression

Overt Aggression

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11
Q

What is the link between Gender and Aggression?

A

Although boys tend to be more overtly aggressive than girls, boys do not tend to be more aggressive than girls when it comes to indirect or relational aggression

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12
Q

Relational Aggression

A

Type of Indirect Aggression that particularly targets a person’s relationships and social status

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13
Q

What is the link between individual Differences and Aggression?

A 
People who tend to hold hostile cognitions, express anger, and exhibit irritability tend to behave more aggressively
Emotional Susceptibility
Narcissism
Type A Personality
Impulsivity
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14
Q

Emotional Susceptibility

A

Tendency to feel distressed, inadequate, and vulnerable to perceived threats

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15
Q

Narcissism

A

Tendency to have an inflated sense of self-worth and self-love but without a strong set of beliefs to support these feelings, thereby leaving the person’s self-esteem unstable and sensitive to criticism

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16
Q

Type A Personality

A

Tendency to be driven by feelings of inadequacy to try to prove oneself through personal accomplishments

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17
Q

Impulsivity

A

Being relatively unable to control one’s thoughts and behaviors

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18
Q

Provocation

A

Can light the relatively short fuses of these individuals, leadings to the potential explosion of aggression

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19
Q

Approaches to the issue of whether aggression is innate

A

Evolutionary Psychological Accounts

Biological Factors

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20
Q

Why Human Warfare originated

A

To obtain valuable resources and to attract mates and forge intragroup bonds

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21
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

Focuses on Genetic Transmission and behavior; genes play a role in physical aggression

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22
Q

Serotonin

A

Works like a braking mechanism to restrain impulsive acts of aggression

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23
Q

Serotonin and Aggression

A

Low levels of Serotonin are associated with higher levels of aggression

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24
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Implicated with tendencies toward aggressive and violent behavior

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25
Q

Executive Functioning

A

Cognitive abilities and processes that allow humans to plan or inhibit their actions; enables people to respond to situations in a reasoned, flexible manner, as opposed to being driven purely by external stimuli

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26
Q

Rewards for Aggression

A

Negative Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement

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27
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When aggression prevents or stops undesirable outcomes

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28
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

When aggression produces desired outcomes

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29
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Aggressive Behavior is strongly affected by learning; we learn from the examples of others as well as from direct experience with rewards and punishments

30
Q

Who proposed the Social Learning Theory?

A

Albert Bandurra

31
Q

When does punishment decrease aggressive behavior?

A

When it immediately follows the aggressive behavior
When it is strong enough to deter the aggressor
When it is consistently applied and perceived as fair and legitimate by the aggressor

32
Q

Corporal Punishment

A

Use of Physical Force intended to cause the child pain, but not for injury, for the purpose of controlling or correcting the child’s behavior

33
Q

Machismo

A

A way of thinking that challenges, abuse, and even differences of opinion must be met with fists or other weapons

34
Q

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

A

Frustration, which is produced by interrupting a person’g progress toward an expected goal, will always elicit the motive to aggress;
All aggression is caused by frustration

35
Q

Displacement

A

Inclination to aggress is deflected from the real target to a substitute

36
Q

Catharsis

A

Displacing aggression in other ways; engaging in some relatively harmless pursuit could drain away energy from more violent tendencies

37
Q

Earliest proponent of the Frustration-Aggression Theory

A

Neal Miller

38
Q

Scapegoating

A

Blaming societal frustrations against minority groups or outgroups

39
Q

Link between Heat and Aggression

A

People lose their cool in hot temperatures and behave more aggressively

40
Q

Social Rejection and Aggression

A

People who are socially rejected by someone from a tight-knit group become likely to retaliate aggressively against all the members of the rejector’s group

41
Q

Positive Affect and Aggression

A

Feeling good appears to be incompatible with anger and aggression

42
Q

Excitation Transfer

A

Arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual’s emotional response to another stimulus

43
Q

Who proposed Excitation Transfer?

A

Dolf Zillmann

44
Q

What other factors are likely to increase aggression?

A

Noise, Violent Movies, and Arousing Music

45
Q

Weapons Effect

A

The tendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by the mere presence of weapons

46
Q

Who proposed the Weapons Effect

A

Leonard Berkowitz

47
Q

Aggression-Enhancing Situational Cue

A

Any object or external characteristic associated with successful aggression or the negative affect of pain or unpleasantness

48
Q

Hostile Attribution Bias

A

They tend to perceive hostile intent in others

49
Q

Effect of Alcohol on Aggression

A

Alcohol reduces anxiety which lowers people’s inhibitions against aggressing. Disrupts the way we process information

50
Q

Alcohol Myopia

A

Alcohol narrows people’s focus of attention. Intoxicated people respond to initial, salient information about the situation but often miss later, more subtle indicators

51
Q

What are aversive experiences that lead to aggression?

A

Frustration, Crowding, Heat, & Provocation

52
Q

Which situational cues lead to aggression?

A

Guns and Violent Movies

53
Q

What Individual & Cultural Differences lead to aggression?

A

Chronic Hostility and Cultures of Honor

54
Q

What Higher Order Thinking can inhibit aggression?

A

Recognizing the danger of the situation or recognizing that what seemed like a provocation was really just an accident

55
Q

How does Higher Order Thinking facilitate aggression?

A

When we perceive that aggression is encouraged by one’s peers in this situations or that a provocation was intentional

56
Q

Agression & Media

A

Media Violence contributes to real aggression and violence; media violence can also produce long term effects by influencing people’s values and attitudes toward aggression, making it seem more legitimate and even necessary for social interaction and the resolution of social conflicts

57
Q

How does Media Violence Cause these effects?

A

Playing violent video games has been found to cause increases in aggressive cognitions and affect, in addition to aggressive behavior.

58
Q

Desensitization

A

A reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence; familiarity with violence reduces physiological arousal to new incidents of violence

59
Q

Habituation

A

A novel stimulus gets our attention, and if it’s sufficiently interesting or exciting, it elicits physiological arousal

60
Q

Cultivation

A

The capacity of the mass media to construct a social reality that people perceive as true, even if it isn’t

61
Q

Pornography

A

Used to refer to explicit sexual material, regardless of its moral or aesthetic qualities

62
Q

Types of Pornography

A

Nonviolent Pornography

Violent Pornography

63
Q

Nonviolent Pornography & Aggression

A

The combination of positive affect and only moderate arousal is unlikely to trigger much aggression

64
Q

Violent Pornography & Aggression

A

Violent Pornography brings together high arousal; negative emotional reactions (shock, alarm & disgust); and aggressive thoughts

65
Q

What factors are associated with sexual aggression among college students?

A

Alcohol, Gender & Attitudes toward rape and toward women

66
Q

Statistics Related to Partner Abuse

A

1/3 to 1/2 of female homicide victims are murdered by a husband or a boyfriend

67
Q

What factors cause increased partner aggression?

A

Personal Characteristics, Socioeconomic Status, Interpersonal Conflict, Stress, Social Isolation, and the Experience of Growing up in a violent family

68
Q

What factors are associated with increased child abuse?

A

Personal Characteristics of the abusing parent and of the child, the family’s socioeconomic status, stressful experiences, social isolation, marital conflict, and the abusing parent’s having been abused as a child

69
Q

Cycle of Violence

A

Connection between violence in childhood and violence as an adult

70
Q

Multisystematic Therapy

A

This approach addresses individuals’ problems at several different levels, including the needs of the adolescents and the many contexts in which they are embedded, such as family, peer group, school, and neighborhood

71
Q

What steps can we take to reduce aggression more generally?

A

Reducing stressors such as frustration, discomfort, and provocation should reduce aggression; reduce weapons; get authorities involved; changing cost-reward payoffs associated with aggression

Social Psychology (8 decks)

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