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Canfitpro PT Exam > CHAPTER 5 - SKELETAL SYSTEM > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5 - SKELETAL SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Osteology

A

Study of bones

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2
Q

Arthrology

A

Study of joints

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3
Q

Bone’s and Joint’s mechanical and physiological functions

A
  • Support: supports weight of body by providing a framework that allows upright posture
  • Movement: allows movement by providing a rigid lever system for muscle attachment across joints
  • Protection: protects internal organs and soft tissue with bony encasement
  • Mineral deposits: stores required minerals in the body and maintains mineral balance in the blood
  • Blood cell formation: forms red blood cells within the red bone marrow of the long bones
  • Energy reservoir: stores energy in the form of fat in the yellow bone marrow and adipose tissue
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4
Q

Number of Bones

A
  • 270 bones in babies

- 206 bones in the adult body

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5
Q

Composition of Bone

A
  • 50% fluid, 50% solid
  • In young children the long bones are mainly cartilage which allow them to be flexible and pliable (process finished by between 16-25)
  • Inorganic Component: Minerals and salt (such as calcium and phosphate) provides strength and rigidity
  • Organic Component: living cells, fibers, and a sticky protein. Provides pliability and flexibility.
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6
Q

Bone Groupings

A
  • Long Bones
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
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7
Q

Long Bones

A
  • Lever for movement
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Ex: femur and humerus
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8
Q

Short Bones

A
  • Give strength to joints but with limited mobility
  • Cube like bones
  • Great deal of stability, strength and shock absorption and allow movement in many directions
  • Ex: tarsals (ankle) and carpals (wrist)
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9
Q

Flat Bones

A
  • Provide a broad site for muscle attachment and protect internal organs
  • Broad, thin layers that offer protection but little motion
  • Ex: skull, scapula, ribs and sternum
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10
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • Protect internal organs and support the body
  • Vertebrae make up spine - long weight bearing pillar that supports mass in an upright position and functions as a site for muscle attachment and shock absorption
  • Ex: ischium, pubis and vertebrae
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11
Q

Parts of the Skeleton

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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12
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • Skull, pim, ribs, sternum (breastbone)
  • 80 bones
  • Longitudinal axis of trunk to which the limbs attach
  • Protects vital organs
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13
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • Bones of appendages (limbs), and bony girdles to which they attach
  • 126 bones
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14
Q

Three Classifications of Joints

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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15
Q

Injured Ligament

A

Sprain

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16
Q

Fibrous Joint

A
  • Connect bones to other bones with fibrous connective tissue and allow little if any movement
  • Ex: skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints
  • Ex: radius and ulna are held in relation to each other through fibrous tissue
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17
Q

Cartilaginous Joint

A
  • Bones are separated by cartilage
  • Little to no movement and are found where a lot of protection, stability and strength is needed
  • Ex: ribs, sternum, and between vertebrae
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18
Q

Synovial Joint

A
  • Mobile and have cartilage along the surfaces where bones join to reduce friction and absorb shock
  • Enclosed by an articular capsule that holds synovial fluid (lubricating fluid produced in synovial membrane) inside the joint cavity
  • Three most common types are hinge, ball-and-socket and condyloid
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19
Q

Six Types of Synovial Joint

A
  • Gliding
  • Pivot
  • Saddle
  • Condyloid
  • Ball and Socket
  • Hinge
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20
Q

Gliding Joint

A
  • Allows minimal movement in one plane with restrictions

- Ex: bones in wrist and ankle

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21
Q

Pivot Joint

A
  • Allows rotation along a long axis

- Ex: radius and ulna (at the elbow) allowing pronation and supination of the forearm

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22
Q

Saddle Joint

A
  • Allows movement in several directions similar to but greater than condyloid joints
  • Ex: thumbs moving in multiple directions
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23
Q

Hinge Joint

A
  • Movement in one direction or plane of motion

- Ex: elbow and knee joints allowing flexion and extension

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24
Q

Condyloid Joint

A
  • Allows movement in two different directions or planes of motion
  • Ex: knuckles in each finger and in the wrist and ankle
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25
Q

Ball and Socket Joint

A
  • Allows movement in three directions

- Ex. Shoulder and hip joint allowing free movement in all directions

26
Q

Three Cardinal Planes of Motion

A
  • Frontal plane: anterior and posterior
  • Sagittal plane: left and right side
  • Transverse plane: Superior (above) and inferior (below)
27
Q

Frontal plane

A
  • Anterior and posterior
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Ex: lat raise
28
Q

Sagittal plane

A
  • Left and right side
  • Flexion and extension
  • Ex: squat
29
Q

Transverse plane

A
  • Superior (above) and inferior (below)

- Twisting and rotation

30
Q

Anterior

A

Front

31
Q

Posterior

A

Back

32
Q

Medial

A

Closer to Midline

33
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from Midline

34
Q

Superior

A

Above

35
Q

Inferior

A

Below

36
Q

Supine

A

Face Up

37
Q

Prone

A

Face Down

38
Q

Dorsal

A

Top of Foot

39
Q

Plantar

A

Bottom of Foot

40
Q

Proximal

A

End of bone or muscle that is closer to midline of body (torso)

41
Q

Distal

A

End of bone or muscle that is farther from body

42
Q

Flexion

A

Bending a joint (angle decreases)

43
Q

Extension

A

Straightening a joint (angle increases)

44
Q

Hyperextension/hyperflexion

A

Flexion or Extension beyond normal range of motion

45
Q

Abduction (protraction)

A

Bone moves away from midline of body

46
Q

Adduction (retraction)

A

Bone moves back towards midline of body

47
Q

Circumduction

A
  • Circular movement

- Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

48
Q

Elevation

A
  • Shrugging shoulders

- Scapular elevation

49
Q

Depression

A
  • Lowering shoulders below anatomical position

- Scapular retraction

50
Q

Medial (internal) rotation

A

Towards midline

51
Q

Lateral (external) rotation

A

Away from midline

52
Q

Supination

A

External movement (palms face up)

53
Q

Pronation

A

Internal movement (palms face down)

54
Q

Inversion

A
  • Ankle joint

- Medial or inner side turned off ground

55
Q

Eversion

A
  • Ankle joint

- Lateral or outer side turned off the ground

56
Q

Dorsi flexion

A

Flexing foot upward

57
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Flexing foot downward

58
Q

Four Major Spine Segments

A
  • Cervical spine: neck
  • Thoracic spine: upper back
  • Lumbar spine: lower back
  • Sacral spine: bottom of spine

One other minor section
Coccyx (tailbone)

59
Q

The Core

A
  • Spans from the ribcage to the pelvis
  • Important in load carriage and spinal nerve root protection and it provides the foundation from which forces are transmitted from the upper body to the lower body and vise-versa
60
Q

Core Stability Subsystems

A

Passive - bones and ligaments within the spinal column
Active - muscles act on the spine
Control - managed by nervous system

61
Q

Lower Back Pain

A
  • Pain localized between the rib cage and buttocks
  • ¾ of the population will experience lower back pain at some point in their life that will limit them from performing some of their daily tasks
  • Causes are stain, overextension, irregular or unsafe performance of movement such as lifting, pushing, pulling, turning, twisting or bending. These show dysfunctions and active (muscle) and passive (joint) subsystems
  • Most common causes of pain pain that originated from passive stabilization system include herniated discs, disc degeneration, facet joint inflammation and ligament damage
62
Q

General Precautions in Reference to the Back

A
  • Pay close attention to posture, alignment and form during exercise
  • Include exercises to help strengthen and stabilize the core
  • Good posture involves a balance between flexion and extension

Canfitpro PT Exam (7 decks)

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