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Canfitpro PT Exam > Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Saliva

A
  • Provides lubrication

- Breaks down carbohydrates with enzyme amylase

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2
Q

Protein Breakdown

A
  • Broken down through churning and stomach acids/enzymes
  • Broken down into amino acids called peptides
  • Also broken into di and tripeptides
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3
Q

Carbohydrate Breakdown

A
  • Small intestine
  • Enzymes (Amylase)
  • Broken into simple sugars (glucose)
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4
Q

Dietary Fat Breakdown

A
  • Small intestine
  • Enzymes (Lipases)
  • Broken into fatty acids and monoglycerides
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5
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The study of how energy flows in the human body

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6
Q

Energy

A

Ability to do physical work

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7
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body that use or create energy

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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Demand for energy is met by supply of ATP, all body functions can occur with ease because the body is in a state of balance and stability

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9
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Sum of anabolic and catabolic process that occur in an aerobic context (using oxygen)

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10
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Sum of anabolic and catabolic process that occur in an anaerobic context (not using oxygen)

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11
Q

Anaerobic Systems

A
  • No oxygen
  • Intense exercise when body has no time to get enough oxygen to body to produce ATP
  • Created within the cytosol of the cell
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12
Q

ATP-CP (Phosphagen) System

A
  • Up to 10 seconds of energy
  • CP is stored 4-5 times more than ATP
  • Phase 1: ATP splits forming ADP and P and energy
  • Phase 2: Creatine kinase enzyme is used and CP splits, releasing to provide energy and reform ATP from ADP
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13
Q

Anaerobic (Glycolytic) System

A
  • Up to 2 minutes at max intensity
  • Cytoplasm: Glucose produces two ATP, Glycogen produces three ATP
  • Three carbon compound called pyruvate is formed
  • Pyruvate breaks down into lactic acid
  • Lactic acid lowers cellular PH, making the molecule more acidic. Lowers speed and strength of muscle
  • If exercise exceeds two minutes the muscle will shut down or blood will be able to deliver adequate oxygen, allowing for aerobic system to produce additional ATP
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14
Q

Lactate Threshold

A

When more lactic acid is formed than the body can metabolize

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15
Q

Lactic Acidosis

A

The point at which lactic acid causes muscle failure

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16
Q

Adaptations to Lactic Acid

A
  • Muscle cells can be trained to produce less lactic acid by increasing glycolytic enzymes by 10%-25%
  • Cells eventually become more efficient at working with lactic acid as well
17
Q

Aerobic Systems

A
  • Oxygen is available

- Mitochondria uses either glucose or fat for fuel to create ATP

18
Q

Mitochondria

A

The cellular structures with specialized enzymes to assist in aerobic metabolism use either glucose or fat for fuel to create ATP

19
Q

Aerobic (Glycolytic System)

A
  • More than two minutes, moderate intensity - works well for long, continuous, moderate to low intensity exercise
  • ATP and Pyruvate are generated from Glucose/glycogen
  • Instead of pyruvate creating lactic acid, it enters chemical reactions called the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
  • With this oxygen, the cell can make more ATP (One glucose = 38 ATP)
  • Waste (Carbon Dioxide, heat, and water)
20
Q

Fatty Acid Oxidation System

A
  • Low intensity, more than two minutes
  • Most efficient. One unit of fatty acid creates 100 or more ATP
  • Fatty acid is high energy but difficult to metabolize
  • Waste (Carbon Dioxide, heat, and water)
  • Used during rest due to low intensity, low demand for energy and sufficient oxygen
21
Q

Energy System: at Rest

A

Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids

22
Q

Energy System: at the Beginning of Exercise (slow build up)

A

Aerobic system will continue to be used

23
Q

Energy System: at the Beginning of Exercise (Intermediate or high build up)

A
  • Stored ATP used
  • CP may be used to create more ATP until aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis system kicks in
  • This shows importance of a good warm up (increased HR and respiration) - if not lactic acid will build up
24
Q

Energy System: During Steady State Exercise

A
  • Once oxygen meets demand, aerobic system kicks in
  • For super long exercise, the presence of adequate glucose and glycogen may be limiting, pushing the emphasis towards fatty acid oxidation.(if intensity is low enough)
25
Q

Energy System: During Strenuous Exercise

A
  • Anaerobic system
  • ATP-CP system starts and once 10 seconds hit, glycolytic system starts
  • Lactic acid builds up
26
Q

Recovery

A

Although less is needed than in exercise, oxygen is still needed more than at rest to replenish expended amount and facilitate recovery

27
Q

Oxygen Deficit

A
  • Oxygen supply cannot meet demand. body cannot enter homeostasis
  • Oxygen deficit explains why respiration rate and depth of breath increase during exercise
  • EPOC
28
Q

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

A
  • Repays oxygen debt created during exercise
  • Mild aerobic exercise has a recovery of 50% in 30 seconds and complete recovery in minutes
  • Up to 24 hours may be needed for full recovery depending on intensity and duration
  • Replenish oxygen in the muscles
  • Repay energy costs of ventilation above rest
  • Meet energy requirements of harder working heart
  • Repair tissue through the redistribution of calcium, potassium and sodium ions within the muscle and other body compartments
29
Q

Metabolic Equivalent of the Activity

A 
MET = 3.5ml/kg/min
MET = (1 kcal/kg/hr)
30
Q

Work relief

A

Moving

31
Q

Rest relief

A

No Movement

32
Q

ATP-CP System Relief

A
  • Rest Relief

- If work relief is used, ATP will not restore and your body will tap into anaerobic glycolytic system

33
Q

Anaerobic Glycolytic System Relief

A
  • Work relief
  • If full recovery is made, ATP-CP system will be used primarily
  • Work relief aids clearance of lactic acid which improves tolerance of lactic acid
34
Q

Aerobic Glycolytic System Relief

A
  • Rest relief

- If rest recovery is used, lactic acid will not go away and Anaerobic system will not take over

35
Q

Monitoring Intensity

A
  • Work interval (90% HRmax , Maximal exertion)
  • Relief interval (70% HRmax)
  • Relief between sets (60% HRmax)
36
Q

Arranging work and rest times

A
  • One set is a work and rest interval

- Repetitions are the number of work intervals in a set

Canfitpro PT Exam (7 decks)

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