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Biology Unit 2 > Chapter 5: Simple inheritance in animals and plants > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Simple inheritance in animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are genetic instructions found inside a cell?

A

The Nucleus

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2
Q

What is a gene

A

A packet of information that controls a small characteristic of your body

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3
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different variations of a gene

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4
Q

How many Chromosomes does each nucleus contain?

A

46 - two copies of 23 chromosomes.

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5
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Non sexual division of cells where one cell splits into two.

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6
Q

How does Mitosis work?

A

The cell creates two new copies of it’s chromosomes, (so it has 4 copies of each) then splits into two so the new and original cell each have two copies.

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7
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell which is not yet specialized. It can become any type of cell.

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8
Q

How does a stem cell become specialized?

A

The some of its genes are turned on/off, depending on what it’s function will be.

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9
Q

What can specialized animal cells not do?

A

Re-differentiate. When they are specialized, they cannot change.

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10
Q

Why are plant cells different to animal cells in terms of differentiation?

A

Plant cells can re-differentiate after they have matured. A cell can turn into any other type of cell at any time.

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11
Q

How do you clone a plant?

A

By taking plant cells from a plant and forcing them back into stem cells. They will then re-produce by mitosis and form a new plant

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12
Q

What is non sexual division of cells where one cell splits into two called?

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Reproduction which forms gametes.

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14
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells (Sperm + eggs) used in reproduction by Meiosis.

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15
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

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16
Q

How does meiosis work?

A

As in Mitosis, The two sets of each chromosome are copied to create four copies. The cell divides into two. But then, it divides again to create 4 cells with one set of each chromosome.

17
Q

Who discovered that plants could inherit features from their parent plants?

A

Gregor Mendel

18
Q

What kinds of plant did Gregor Mendel use for his research.

A

Peas. Specifically smooth, wrinkled, green and yellow variations.

19
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

20
Q

What is the structure of DNA described as?

A

A double helix

21
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting?

A

Using someones DNA to create a visual pattern that can be used to identify them.

22
Q

What are the 23rd chromosomes called? What do they determine?

A

The sex chromosomes. There are two variations; X and Y. Two X’s means that you are female. X and a Y means that you are a male.

23
Q

What are the two types of allele?

A

Dominant (Only need one copy) and recessive (Need both copies)

24
Q

What is a genetic diagram called?

A

A punnet square

25
Q

In terms of alleles, what do you know about a person who has a feature that requires a recessive allele?

A

That they have the gene on both chromosomes (eg Having no Dimples)

26
Q

In terms of alleles, what do you know about a person who has a feature that requires a Dominant allele?

A

They could have either one copy of the Dominant and one of the recessive, or two copies of the Dominant.

27
Q

An individual who has two identical alleles for a characteristic is…

A

Homozygous

28
Q

An individual who has two different alleles for a characteristic is…

A

Heterozygous

29
Q

What is a persons Genotype?

A

Their genetic makeup regarding a specific feature, eg dd Dd DD.

30
Q

What is a persons Phenotype?

A

The resulting feature from a set of genes, eg Dimples or No Dimples

31
Q

Being born with multiple fingers or toes is called

A

Polydactyly

32
Q

What type of gene is Polydactyly?

A

Dominant

33
Q

What type of gene is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Recessive

34
Q

Arguments against the use of stem cells in medical research:

A

They are experimental and could cause side effects such as cancers, all embryos could be a human being, embryos cannot give permission, it is taking too long and money could be spent helping those at present.

35
Q

Arguments for the use of stem cells in medical research:

A

The embryos used are generaly spare from IVF treatment, stem cells can be sourced from places other than embryos, stem cells could be used to grow entire new organs or repair damaged tissue.

36
Q

What could you do if you were worried about a baby receiving a genetic disease?

A

Have the embryo screened to check its genetic makeup.

Biology Unit 2 (6 decks)

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