Chapter 3: Enzymes Flashcards
What do amino acids combine to make
Proteins
In a reaction, enzymes act as a biological…
Catalyst
What are enzymes made from?
Long protein molecules folded up to make a specific shape.
What part of the enzyme do molecules fit into?
The active site
What 3 functions do enzymes preform?
- Breaking down molecules 2. Building larger ones 3. Changing one molecule into another.
What are enzymes that break down carbohydrate called?
carbohydrases
Example of an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrate?
amylase
Where is amylase made?
Salivary Glands, pancreas and small intestine
Example of an enzyme that breaks down Protein?
Protease
Where is Protease produced?
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine
Example of an enzyme that breaks down fat?
Lipase
What do fats and oils get broken down into?
“Fatty acids”
Where do broken down food molecules go?
into the bloodstream (as they are now soluble)
Where is Lipase produced?
Pancreas and small intestine
How is the stomach protected from the hydrochloric acid?
A lining of mucus.
Where is bile produced?
The liver
Where is bile stored?
The gall bladder
What is the first function of bile?
It is added to digested food leaving the stomach in order to neutralize the acid and make it alkaline
What happens to enzymes in too high temperatures and too high or low ph levels?
They become denatured.
What does denaturing do to an enzyme?
It changes the shape of the active site.
Why does food in the small intestine need to be alkaline?
Because the enzymes in the small intestine work best in alkaline conditions.
How do you increase the speed that enzymes work at?
- Higher temperature (to a point), best ph level and larger surface area.
What is the secondary function of bile?
It emulsifies the fats, breaking them up into small droplets. This increases the surface area, giving the lipase enzymes more space to work.
What is the difference between enzymes in the stomach and enzymes in the small intestine/pancreas?
Enzymes in the stomach work best in acidic conditions. Enzymes produced by the small intestine and pancreas work best in alkali conditions
What enzymes do biological washing powders contain?
Protease and Lipase enzymes
Why do we use enzymes in washing powder?
Because they can break down the fatty substances that make clothes dirty such as food stains and sweat.
What enzymes are used in Baby Food?
Protease enzymes
Why do we use enzymes in baby food?
Babys are not very good at digesting the food, so we pre-digest some of the food that we give them.
What are the three examples of enzyme use in industry?
- Biological detergents 2. Pre-digesting baby food 3. Creating glucose from starch
What enzymes are used to convert starch into sugar?
Carbohydrase enzymes
What enzyme changes glucose into fructose?
Isomerase
What is the the difference between fructose and glucose?
Fructose is much sweeter. It is commonly used in slimming products.
Why are enzyme based processes cheap to run?
They work at lower temperatures, eliminating the need for expensive heating equipment + high electricity bills.
Why can using enzymes in industry sometimes cost more?
Controlling the specific ph and temperature can require expensive systems and some enzymes are expensive to produce.
What are the disadvantages of biological washing powder?
Some people are allergic/develop allergies to them, the enzymes end up in sewage systems and therefore rivers and other natural bodies of water.
