Chapter 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

the time from conception to birth

A

prenatal period

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2
Q

chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream

A

hormones

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3
Q

a hormone secreted by the testes in males (and also present at lower levels in females)

A

testosterone

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4
Q

the group of male sex hormones, one of which is testosterone

A

androgens

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5
Q

the group of female sex hormones

A

estrogens

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6
Q

a sex hormone secreted by the ovaries

A

progesterone

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7
Q

a small endocrine gland located on the lower side of the brain below the hypothalamus; regulates levels of sex hormones

A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

a small region of the brain that is important in regulating many body functions, including the functioning of the sex hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

a hormone secreted by the pituitary; it stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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10
Q

a hormone secreted by the pituitary; it regulates estrogen secretion and ovum development in females and testosterone production in males

A

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

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11
Q

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the pituitary’s secretion of gonad-stimulating hormones

A

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

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12
Q

hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis; the negative feedback loop that regulates sex-hormone production

A

HPG axis

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13
Q

a hormone secreted by the testes and ovaries that regulates that regulates FSH levels

A

Inhibin

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14
Q

a pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands

A

Prolactin

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15
Q

a pituitary hormone that stimulates milk ejection from the nipples and contractions of the uterus during childbirth

A

Oxytocin

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16
Q

stands for sex-determining region, Y chromosome

A

SRY

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17
Q

ducts found in both male and female fetuses; in males they degenerate, and in females they develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina

A

Mullerian Ducts

18
Q

ducts found in both male and female fetuses; in females they degenerate, and in males they develop into the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct

A

Wolffian Ducts

19
Q

undescended testes; the condition in which the testes do not descend to the scrotum as they should during prenatal development

A

Cryptorchidism

20
Q

chemicals in the environment that affect the endocrine system and the biological functioning and behavior of animals, including humans

A

endocrine disrupters

21
Q

organs in the male and female that develop from the same embryonic tissue

A

Homologous organs

22
Q

organs in the male and female that have similar functions

A

Analogous organs

23
Q

a condition in which the individual has a mixture of male and female reproductive structures, so that it is not clear at birth whether the individual is a male or a female. ; formerly called a pseudohermaphrodite

A

Intersex

24
Q

a newer term for intersex conditions

A

Disorders of sex development (DSD)

25
Q

a condition in which a genetic female produces abnormal levels of androgens prenatally and therefore has male-appearing genitals at birth

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

26
Q

a genetic condition in which the body is unresponsive to androgens so that a genetic male may be born with a female-appearing body

A

Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

27
Q

the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, so that the individual becomes capable of reproduction

A

puberty

28
Q

first menstruation

A

menarche

29
Q

a hormone related to the onset of puberty

A

Leptin

30
Q

endocrine glands located jujst above the kidneys; in females they are the major producers of androgens

A

Adrenal Glands

31
Q

a time of increased secretion of adrenal androgens, usually just before age eight

A

Adrenarche

32
Q

the first phase of the menstrual cycle, beginning just after menstruation, during which an egg matures in preparation for ovulation

A

Follicular phase

33
Q

release of an egg from the ovaries; the second phase of the menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation

34
Q

the third phase of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation

A

Luteal phase

35
Q

the mass of cells of the follicle remaining after ovulation; it secretes progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

36
Q

the fourth phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the endometrium of the uterus is sloughed off in the menstrual discharge

A

Menstruation

37
Q

painful menstruation

A

dysmenorrea

38
Q

chemicals secreted by the uterus that cause the uterine muscles to contractl they are a likely cause of painful menstruation

A

Prostaglandins

39
Q

a condition in which the endometrium grows abnormally outside the uterus; the symptom is unusually painful periods with excessive bleeding

A

Endometriosis

40
Q

the absense of menstruation

A

Amenorrhea

41
Q

a combination of severe physical and psychological symptoms, such as depression and irritability, occurring just before menstruation

A

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

42
Q

a tentative diagnostic category in the DWM, characterized by sumptoms such as sadness, anxiety, and irritability in the week before menstruation

A

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)