Chapter 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle

Question 1

the time from conception to birth

Answer 1

prenatal period

Question 2

chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream

Answer 2

hormones

Question 3

a hormone secreted by the testes in males (and also present at lower levels in females)

Answer 3

testosterone

Question 4

the group of male sex hormones, one of which is testosterone

Answer 4

androgens

Question 5

the group of female sex hormones

Answer 5

estrogens

Question 6

a sex hormone secreted by the ovaries

Answer 6

progesterone

Question 7

a small endocrine gland located on the lower side of the brain below the hypothalamus; regulates levels of sex hormones

Answer 7

Pituitary gland

Question 8

a small region of the brain that is important in regulating many body functions, including the functioning of the sex hormones

Answer 8

Hypothalamus

Question 9

a hormone secreted by the pituitary; it stimulates follicle development in females and sperm production in males

Answer 9

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Question 10

a hormone secreted by the pituitary; it regulates estrogen secretion and ovum development in females and testosterone production in males

Answer 10

Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

Question 11

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates the pituitary’s secretion of gonad-stimulating hormones

Answer 11

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Question 12

hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis; the negative feedback loop that regulates sex-hormone production

Answer 12

HPG axis

Question 13

a hormone secreted by the testes and ovaries that regulates that regulates FSH levels

Answer 13

Inhibin

Question 14

a pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands

Answer 14

Prolactin

Question 15

a pituitary hormone that stimulates milk ejection from the nipples and contractions of the uterus during childbirth

Answer 15

Oxytocin

Question 16

stands for sex-determining region, Y chromosome

Answer 16

SRY

Question 17

ducts found in both male and female fetuses; in males they degenerate, and in females they develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper part of the vagina

Answer 17

Mullerian Ducts

Question 18

ducts found in both male and female fetuses; in females they degenerate, and in males they develop into the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the ejaculatory duct

Answer 18

Wolffian Ducts

Question 19

undescended testes; the condition in which the testes do not descend to the scrotum as they should during prenatal development

Answer 19

Cryptorchidism

Question 20

chemicals in the environment that affect the endocrine system and the biological functioning and behavior of animals, including humans

Answer 20

endocrine disrupters

Question 21

organs in the male and female that develop from the same embryonic tissue

Answer 21

Homologous organs

Question 22

organs in the male and female that have similar functions

Answer 22

Analogous organs

Question 23

a condition in which the individual has a mixture of male and female reproductive structures, so that it is not clear at birth whether the individual is a male or a female. ; formerly called a pseudohermaphrodite

Answer 23

Intersex

Question 24

a newer term for intersex conditions

Answer 24

Disorders of sex development (DSD)

Question 25

a condition in which a genetic female produces abnormal levels of androgens prenatally and therefore has male-appearing genitals at birth

Answer 25

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 26

a genetic condition in which the body is unresponsive to androgens so that a genetic male may be born with a female-appearing body

Answer 26

Androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Question 27

the time during which there is sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, other genitalia, and secondary sex characteristics, so that the individual becomes capable of reproduction

Answer 27

puberty

Question 28

first menstruation

Answer 28

menarche

Question 29

a hormone related to the onset of puberty

Answer 29

Leptin

Question 30

endocrine glands located jujst above the kidneys; in females they are the major producers of androgens

Answer 30

Adrenal Glands

Question 31

a time of increased secretion of adrenal androgens, usually just before age eight

Answer 31

Adrenarche

Question 32

the first phase of the menstrual cycle, beginning just after menstruation, during which an egg matures in preparation for ovulation

Answer 32

Follicular phase

Question 33

release of an egg from the ovaries; the second phase of the menstrual cycle

Answer 33

Ovulation

Question 34

the third phase of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation

Answer 34

Luteal phase

Question 35

the mass of cells of the follicle remaining after ovulation; it secretes progesterone

Answer 35

Corpus luteum

Question 36

the fourth phase of the menstrual cycle, during which the endometrium of the uterus is sloughed off in the menstrual discharge

Answer 36

Menstruation

Question 37

painful menstruation

Answer 37

dysmenorrea

Question 38

chemicals secreted by the uterus that cause the uterine muscles to contractl they are a likely cause of painful menstruation

Answer 38

Prostaglandins

Question 39

a condition in which the endometrium grows abnormally outside the uterus; the symptom is unusually painful periods with excessive bleeding

Answer 39

Endometriosis

Question 40

the absense of menstruation

Answer 40

Amenorrhea

Question 41

a combination of severe physical and psychological symptoms, such as depression and irritability, occurring just before menstruation

Answer 41

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 42

a tentative diagnostic category in the DWM, characterized by sumptoms such as sadness, anxiety, and irritability in the week before menstruation

Answer 42

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)