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Psychology 104 > Chapter 5: Sensation VS Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Sensation VS Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

The activation of sensory receptors

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The conversion of out side substances into a nervous system

A

Transduction

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3
Q

The interpretation of sensory info

A

Perception

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4
Q

Absolute Threshold refers to the

A

smallest stimulus energy needed for the nervous system to detect ex.vision, hearing, taste, smell (absolute thresholds in humans)

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5
Q

Just Noticeable Difference is referred to the

A

smallest change in intensity of a stimulus

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6
Q

The parts of they eye include:

A

-Iris
-Pupil
-Cornea
-Lens
-Retina
-Fovea
-Receptor Cells
-Rods
-Cones
-Ganglion Cells

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7
Q

the part of the eye that has color, opening of the eye, and modifies the amount of light permitted through the sclera (white part of the eye) is known as the

A

Iris

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8
Q

the part of the eye in which light enters is known as

A

Pupil

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9
Q

the part of the eye that bends light is known as the

A

Cornea

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10
Q

the part of the eye that changes curvature through “accommodation” is known as the

A

Lens

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11
Q

is located at the back of the eye

A

Retina

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12
Q

the center of the retina, responsible for acuity (making things clear) is known as the

A

Fovea

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13
Q

the part of the eye that contains photo pigments that change on exposure to light refers to the

A

Receptor Cells

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14
Q

the part of the eye that responds to low levels of light is referred to as the

A

Rods

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15
Q

the part in the eye that has high acuity, color vision, bright light (R,G,B-opsins) are known as the

A

Cones

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16
Q

the part in the eye that forms the optic nerve which travels to the brain is known as the

A

Ganglion Cells

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17
Q

The Signal Detection Theory is

A

a way to detect and take accountability for subjects and biases

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18
Q

The Opponent Process Theory is

A

The opposing colors of color vision: red vs green or blue vs yellow
-causes afterimages

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19
Q

light is measured in

A

wavelengths

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20
Q

brightness is measured by

A

intensity

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21
Q

hue is measured in

A

color

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22
Q

Deuteranopia is an absence of

A

Green

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23
Q

Tritanopia is the absence of

A

blue, having only 2 cone pigments

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24
Q

Protanopia is an absense of

A

Red, can be hereditary/sexlinked

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25
Q

When images are focused in front of the eye due to having a steep cornea or long eyes; this is known as

A

Nearsightedness (Myopia)

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26
Q

The inability to see near objects well due to a flat cornea or short eyes; this is known as

A

Farsightedness (Hyperopia)

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27
Q

Light sensitive chemicals found in the receptor cells

A

Photopigments

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28
Q

Explain what Hubel and Wiesel did

A

recorded from a cats visual cortex and concluded that different cortical cells respond maximally to different types of stimuli

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29
Q

The Trichromatic Theory

A

color vision is based on our sensitivity to 3 colors (red, blue and green)

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30
Q

Motion Detection

A

brain compares visual frames, Phi Phenomenon

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31
Q

Feature Detection

A

using minimal patterns to identify objects

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32
Q

The optic nerve exits the back of the eye and is composed of

A

the axons of ganglion cells

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33
Q

What is the function of the outer ear and what are the main parts of the outer ear that help achieve its function?

A

The Outer Ear funnels sound. The main parts of the outer ear include:
-pinna
-ear canal

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34
Q

What is the function of the middle ear and what are the main parts of the middle ear that help achieve its function?

A

The Middle Ear transmits sounds. The main parts of the middle ear include:
-ossicles: hammer, anvil, stirrup

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35
Q

What is the function of the inner ear and what are the main parts of the inner ear that help achieve its function?

A

The Inner Ear converts vibration to neural signal. The main parts of the inner ear include:
-Cochlea-organ of corti, basilar membrane, hair cells

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36
Q

Timbre means

A

complexity of the sound

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37
Q

Loudness refers to the

A

amplitude of the sound (dB)

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38
Q

Pitch refers to the sounds

A

wave frequency (Hz)

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39
Q

Sound refers to the sounds

A

vibration

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40
Q

airborne chemicals that interact with receptors in our nasal passages are

A

Odours

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41
Q

odourless chemicals that serve as social signals are

A

Pheromones

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42
Q

Pitch Perception means

A

Different tones excite different areas of the BASILAR MEMBRANE and PRIMAR AUDITORY CORTEX

43
Q

the use of both ears at the same time (timing, loudness) means one is using

A

Binaural Cues

44
Q

the use of only one ear means one is using

A

Monaural Cues

45
Q

Causes of deafness can be due to

A

-genes, diseases, injury, exposure to loud noise
-Conductive Deafness: malfunctioning of the ear (due to ossicle failure)
-Nerve Deafness: damage to auditory nerve

46
Q

Olfactory Cilia are the areas of the brain that are crucial to memory. This areas specifically are..

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Amygdala
47
Q

Specialized nerve endings in the skin that detect light, touch, deep pressure, temp are called

A

Mechanoreceptors

48
Q

Nerves in the skin that detect pain, touch and temp

A

Free Nerve Endings

49
Q

What is Phantom Limb Pain

A

pain or discomfort in an amputated limb, may be relieved by “excercising” minor image of the limb

50
Q

T or F: males are more likely to be dichromats bc photopigments are on the X chromosome. since females have 2 X chromosomes and males only have one. a defective gene on the x chromosome in males is always expressed

A

True

51
Q

Color Blindess is when a person is

A

missing only one cone

52
Q

dichromats have

A

2 cones

53
Q

motion blindness is a person who cannot

A

detect motion

54
Q

Blindness results in

A

heightened touch reorganization of visual cortex

55
Q

Visual Agnosia is the

A

inability to perceive objects, and is due to damage to higher visual cortical areas

56
Q

a dangerous disorder, that may be accompanied by temp fluctuations

A

Pain Insensitivity

57
Q

Our Propiception (how we know where we are) and Vestibular (balance) sense are controlled by what part of the ear

A

Semicircular Canals (inner ear)- responsible for our sense of balance, info travels to brainstem and cerebellum

58
Q

Synesthesia is

A

a condition in which people experience cross modal sensation (ex. like hearing sounds)

59
Q

The 3 types of Synesthesia are

A

Grapheme color synesthesia, Music folor synesthesia, and lexical taste synesthesia

60
Q

what are the 5 basic tastes we are sensitive to:

A

-sweet
-sour
-bitter
-umani (meaty or savoury)
-fatty foods
-starchy

61
Q

Bottom-up (data driven) starts in the

A

primary visual cortex followed by the association cortex

62
Q

Top-down (conceptual driven) starts at the

A

association cortex that is followed by the primary visual cortex

63
Q

Monocular Depth Cues include, describe each:

A

-Size
-Texture Gradient (the sharper things are, the closer the appear to be)
-Interposition (if one thing is in front of another in an image we assume its close)
-Height (the higher something is in an image, the father it appears to look)
-Light and Shadow
-Motion Parallax

64
Q

Binocular Depth Cues include:

A

-Binocular Disparity
-Binocular Convergence

65
Q

relationships between a stimulus and its context, when our expectations influence our perceptions

A

Perceptual Sets

66
Q

size, color, shape are consistent across conditions

A

Perceptual Constancy

67
Q

our ability to perceive color consistently across different levels of light

A

Color Consistency

68
Q

the process of focusing on ones sensory channel and ignoring others

A

Selective Attention

69
Q

what system controls selective attention

A

reticular activating system

70
Q

the perception of objects as wholes within a context, not isolated lines and curves is known as

A

Gestalt

71
Q

how does face recognition work

A

cells in the lower temporal lobe fire in response to particular faces

72
Q

Gestalts Principles include

A

-Subjective Contours
-Proximity: objects physically close to each other
-Similarity:all things being equal
-Continuity:we perceive objects has wholes
-Closure: our brain fills whats missing
-Symmetry
-Figure ground: central figure
-Emergence:see it or you wont unsee it

73
Q

an image that can be perceived in two ways is a

A

perceptual image

74
Q

when the moon appears larger when it is near the horizon this is known as

A

Moon Illusion

75
Q

converging lines enclose two objects of identical size

A

Ponzo Illusion

76
Q

causes us to percieve the vertical part of an upside down T as longer than the horizontal part because its divided by the vertical part

A

Horizontal Vertical Illusion

77
Q

Trapezoid room with a slanted floor and ceiling

A

The Ames Room

78
Q

failure to detect stimuli when info is focused elsewhere

A

Inattentional Blindess

79
Q

difficulty detecting obvious scene changes when eyes are moving, lights are flickering or when watching a video

A

Change Blindness

80
Q

Weber’s law states

A

there is a constant proportional relationship between the just noticeable difference and the original stimulus intensity

81
Q

The binding problem

A

when we look at an object and our brains manage to put a lot of diseparate info into a whole

82
Q

the wavelengths the human eye responds to are known as the

A

human visible spectrum

83
Q

the study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics

A

Psychophysics

84
Q

Just Noticeable Difference is relevant to our ability to distinguish a _______________ stimulus from a ________________ stimulus

A

stronger;weaker

85
Q

the rubber hand illusion shows

A

how our senses of touch and sight interact to create a false perceptual experience

86
Q

the McGurk effect demonstrates how we integrate

A

visual/auditory info when processing spoken language

87
Q

asking people to repeat messages they heard is referred to as

A

shadowing

88
Q

a failure to detect obvious changes in ones environment is called

A

change blindness

89
Q

the question how we combine cues of shape, motion, color and depth overtime into a meaningful total picture is

A

the Binding Problem

90
Q

addictive color mixing is the mixing of

A

red, green or blue to produce any color

91
Q

loss of flexibility in the lens due to aging

A

Presbyopia

92
Q

after the optic nerves leave both eyes, they come to a fork in the road called the

A

optic chiasm

93
Q

our eyes response with the pupilary reflex to

A

decrease the amount of light allowed into them

94
Q

dark adaption occurs in a _________ room

A

dimly lit

95
Q

the optic tract sends most of its axons to the ________ and then the remaining to the ____________

A

V1 and then the remaining to the Superior Colliculus

96
Q

simple cells need be in what type of location? complex cells need to be in what type of location?

A

simple cells(need to be in a specific location) and complex cells(restricted to one location) ;detect lines and edges

97
Q

a specific part along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch, only account for high pitched tones

A

place theory

98
Q

olfaction occurs to ________ ,gustation occurs to ____________

A

smell;taste

99
Q

noise induced hearing loss

A

ringing, hissing, buzzing, or loud noise that can affect our hearing as we age

100
Q

the point in a stimulus where we feel pain

A

threshold

101
Q

___________ warns you that you have been injured, ___________ outlives the initial injury

A

Acute Pain; Chronic Pain

102
Q

rate at which neurons fire action potentials reproduces the pitch

A

frequency theory

103
Q

accommodation is _______ (enables us to see distant objects), if its _____ (allows us to see nearby objects)

A

flat;fat

Psychology 104 (6 decks)

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