Chapter 5: Sensation VS Perception Flashcards
The activation of sensory receptors
Sensation
The conversion of out side substances into a nervous system
Transduction
The interpretation of sensory info
Perception
Absolute Threshold refers to the
smallest stimulus energy needed for the nervous system to detect ex.vision, hearing, taste, smell (absolute thresholds in humans)
Just Noticeable Difference is referred to the
smallest change in intensity of a stimulus
The parts of they eye include:
-Iris
-Pupil
-Cornea
-Lens
-Retina
-Fovea
-Receptor Cells
-Rods
-Cones
-Ganglion Cells
the part of the eye that has color, opening of the eye, and modifies the amount of light permitted through the sclera (white part of the eye) is known as the
Iris
the part of the eye in which light enters is known as
Pupil
the part of the eye that bends light is known as the
Cornea
the part of the eye that changes curvature through “accommodation” is known as the
Lens
is located at the back of the eye
Retina
the center of the retina, responsible for acuity (making things clear) is known as the
Fovea
the part of the eye that contains photo pigments that change on exposure to light refers to the
Receptor Cells
the part of the eye that responds to low levels of light is referred to as the
Rods
the part in the eye that has high acuity, color vision, bright light (R,G,B-opsins) are known as the
Cones
the part in the eye that forms the optic nerve which travels to the brain is known as the
Ganglion Cells
The Signal Detection Theory is
a way to detect and take accountability for subjects and biases
The Opponent Process Theory is
The opposing colors of color vision: red vs green or blue vs yellow
-causes afterimages
light is measured in
wavelengths
brightness is measured by
intensity
hue is measured in
color
Deuteranopia is an absence of
Green
Tritanopia is the absence of
blue, having only 2 cone pigments
Protanopia is an absense of
Red, can be hereditary/sexlinked
When images are focused in front of the eye due to having a steep cornea or long eyes; this is known as
Nearsightedness (Myopia)
The inability to see near objects well due to a flat cornea or short eyes; this is known as
Farsightedness (Hyperopia)
Light sensitive chemicals found in the receptor cells
Photopigments
Explain what Hubel and Wiesel did
recorded from a cats visual cortex and concluded that different cortical cells respond maximally to different types of stimuli
The Trichromatic Theory
color vision is based on our sensitivity to 3 colors (red, blue and green)
Motion Detection
brain compares visual frames, Phi Phenomenon
Feature Detection
using minimal patterns to identify objects
The optic nerve exits the back of the eye and is composed of
the axons of ganglion cells
What is the function of the outer ear and what are the main parts of the outer ear that help achieve its function?
The Outer Ear funnels sound. The main parts of the outer ear include:
-pinna
-ear canal
What is the function of the middle ear and what are the main parts of the middle ear that help achieve its function?
The Middle Ear transmits sounds. The main parts of the middle ear include:
-ossicles: hammer, anvil, stirrup
What is the function of the inner ear and what are the main parts of the inner ear that help achieve its function?
The Inner Ear converts vibration to neural signal. The main parts of the inner ear include:
-Cochlea-organ of corti, basilar membrane, hair cells
Timbre means
complexity of the sound
Loudness refers to the
amplitude of the sound (dB)
Pitch refers to the sounds
wave frequency (Hz)
Sound refers to the sounds
vibration
airborne chemicals that interact with receptors in our nasal passages are
Odours
odourless chemicals that serve as social signals are
Pheromones
Pitch Perception means
Different tones excite different areas of the BASILAR MEMBRANE and PRIMAR AUDITORY CORTEX
the use of both ears at the same time (timing, loudness) means one is using
Binaural Cues
the use of only one ear means one is using
Monaural Cues
Causes of deafness can be due to
-genes, diseases, injury, exposure to loud noise
-Conductive Deafness: malfunctioning of the ear (due to ossicle failure)
-Nerve Deafness: damage to auditory nerve
Olfactory Cilia are the areas of the brain that are crucial to memory. This areas specifically are..
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
Specialized nerve endings in the skin that detect light, touch, deep pressure, temp are called
Mechanoreceptors
Nerves in the skin that detect pain, touch and temp
Free Nerve Endings
What is Phantom Limb Pain
pain or discomfort in an amputated limb, may be relieved by “excercising” minor image of the limb
T or F: males are more likely to be dichromats bc photopigments are on the X chromosome. since females have 2 X chromosomes and males only have one. a defective gene on the x chromosome in males is always expressed
True
Color Blindess is when a person is
missing only one cone
dichromats have
2 cones
motion blindness is a person who cannot
detect motion
Blindness results in
heightened touch reorganization of visual cortex
Visual Agnosia is the
inability to perceive objects, and is due to damage to higher visual cortical areas
a dangerous disorder, that may be accompanied by temp fluctuations
Pain Insensitivity
Our Propiception (how we know where we are) and Vestibular (balance) sense are controlled by what part of the ear
Semicircular Canals (inner ear)- responsible for our sense of balance, info travels to brainstem and cerebellum
Synesthesia is
a condition in which people experience cross modal sensation (ex. like hearing sounds)
The 3 types of Synesthesia are
Grapheme color synesthesia, Music folor synesthesia, and lexical taste synesthesia
what are the 5 basic tastes we are sensitive to:
-sweet
-sour
-bitter
-umani (meaty or savoury)
-fatty foods
-starchy
Bottom-up (data driven) starts in the
primary visual cortex followed by the association cortex
Top-down (conceptual driven) starts at the
association cortex that is followed by the primary visual cortex
Monocular Depth Cues include, describe each:
-Size
-Texture Gradient (the sharper things are, the closer the appear to be)
-Interposition (if one thing is in front of another in an image we assume its close)
-Height (the higher something is in an image, the father it appears to look)
-Light and Shadow
-Motion Parallax
Binocular Depth Cues include:
-Binocular Disparity
-Binocular Convergence
relationships between a stimulus and its context, when our expectations influence our perceptions
Perceptual Sets
size, color, shape are consistent across conditions
Perceptual Constancy
our ability to perceive color consistently across different levels of light
Color Consistency
the process of focusing on ones sensory channel and ignoring others
Selective Attention
what system controls selective attention
reticular activating system
the perception of objects as wholes within a context, not isolated lines and curves is known as
Gestalt
how does face recognition work
cells in the lower temporal lobe fire in response to particular faces
Gestalts Principles include
-Subjective Contours
-Proximity: objects physically close to each other
-Similarity:all things being equal
-Continuity:we perceive objects has wholes
-Closure: our brain fills whats missing
-Symmetry
-Figure ground: central figure
-Emergence:see it or you wont unsee it
an image that can be perceived in two ways is a
perceptual image
when the moon appears larger when it is near the horizon this is known as
Moon Illusion
converging lines enclose two objects of identical size
Ponzo Illusion
causes us to percieve the vertical part of an upside down T as longer than the horizontal part because its divided by the vertical part
Horizontal Vertical Illusion
Trapezoid room with a slanted floor and ceiling
The Ames Room
failure to detect stimuli when info is focused elsewhere
Inattentional Blindess
difficulty detecting obvious scene changes when eyes are moving, lights are flickering or when watching a video
Change Blindness
Weber’s law states
there is a constant proportional relationship between the just noticeable difference and the original stimulus intensity
The binding problem
when we look at an object and our brains manage to put a lot of diseparate info into a whole
the wavelengths the human eye responds to are known as the
human visible spectrum
the study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics
Psychophysics
Just Noticeable Difference is relevant to our ability to distinguish a _______________ stimulus from a ________________ stimulus
stronger;weaker
the rubber hand illusion shows
how our senses of touch and sight interact to create a false perceptual experience
the McGurk effect demonstrates how we integrate
visual/auditory info when processing spoken language
asking people to repeat messages they heard is referred to as
shadowing
a failure to detect obvious changes in ones environment is called
change blindness
the question how we combine cues of shape, motion, color and depth overtime into a meaningful total picture is
the Binding Problem
addictive color mixing is the mixing of
red, green or blue to produce any color
loss of flexibility in the lens due to aging
Presbyopia
after the optic nerves leave both eyes, they come to a fork in the road called the
optic chiasm
our eyes response with the pupilary reflex to
decrease the amount of light allowed into them
dark adaption occurs in a _________ room
dimly lit
the optic tract sends most of its axons to the ________ and then the remaining to the ____________
V1 and then the remaining to the Superior Colliculus
simple cells need be in what type of location? complex cells need to be in what type of location?
simple cells(need to be in a specific location) and complex cells(restricted to one location) ;detect lines and edges
a specific part along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch, only account for high pitched tones
place theory
olfaction occurs to ________ ,gustation occurs to ____________
smell;taste
noise induced hearing loss
ringing, hissing, buzzing, or loud noise that can affect our hearing as we age
the point in a stimulus where we feel pain
threshold
___________ warns you that you have been injured, ___________ outlives the initial injury
Acute Pain; Chronic Pain
rate at which neurons fire action potentials reproduces the pitch
frequency theory
accommodation is _______ (enables us to see distant objects), if its _____ (allows us to see nearby objects)
flat;fat
