Chapter 3: Research Methods Flashcards
Independent Variable
the variable the researcher manipulates
Dependent Variable
the variable that is being measured
Random Assignment
a 50/50 chance being in either condition in an experiment
Operational Definitions
clearly defining what the researcher is measuring
Between-Subjects Design
-you can only have one result of the other
-different groups assigned to an experiment
-exposed to one condition or outcome
Within-Subjects Design
-having control over the outcome of the experiment
-exposed to both conditions or outcomes
-each participant has their own control
rules of thumb that help streamline our thinking
Heuristics
the tendency to presume that someone/ something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member ex. Thinking that a engineer is a lawyer just because the look like one
Representative Heuristics
making a judgment based on what we can remember, rather than complete data ex. Watching titanic right before going on a boat, this creates fear within us
Availability Heuristics
Keys to a Successful Experimental Design
random selection, internal validity, external validity, reliability, awareness of leniency effect, problems with self-report measures
Random Selection
incorporating people from across the world
Internal Validity
helps us find cause and effect
-was the study done right?
External Validity
how well does it generalize/relate to the real world?
Reliability
consistency of the test
-do the results stay the same or keep changing?
Awareness of Leniency Effect
tendency of being overally generous
Problems of self-report measures?
tendency to stick around the middle during surveys
What do Descriptive Statistics do
Describe the data
What do Inferential Statistics talk about
the differences between groups/samples
Mode
the number that appears the most
Median
the number in the middle when u line all the numbers up
Mean
the average between all the numbers
Range
lowest and highest number
SD
tells us how far each point is from the median
Improvement resulting from the expectation of seeing improvement
The Placebo Effect
unintentionally biasing a study since they are aware of the hypothesis
(when you are more biased towards someone with a certain condition than a person without that condition. To prevent this we use a DOUBLE BLIND STUDY where neither the researcher nor the participant know what condition their in .
Experimental Expectancy
is when people are aware that they in an experiment it may affect their behavior or they way they act
The Hawthorne Effect
when people know what a researcher is looking for, causing them to act that way, things in the environment that allow people to guess the hypothesis
Controlling Demand Experiments
Human ethics prevent
deception
an experimental design consists of two ingredients which include
random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
experiment expectancy occurs when
researchers hypothesis lead them to unintentionally bias a study
research participants can pick cues known as demand characteristics from an experiment to allow them to
generate guesses regarding the experimenters hypothesis
REBS insist on a procedure called_________ where….
informed consent; where researchers must tell subjects what they’re going into before asking them to participate
debriefing is
a process whereby researchers inform participants what the study was about
another type of descriptive statistic is called ___________ which….
variability; which gives us a sense of how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are
the nocebo effect is
harm resulting from the expectation of harm
in experimental designs, the differences among participants are _________ whereas in correlational they are __________
created; measured
Replicability involves…., Reproductibility involves…..
replicability collecting new data from new participants whereas reproductivity involves repeating the same statistical analysis on already collected data
an analysis of a set of studies on a particular topic that statistically evaluated the strength of patterns across different studies
meta analysis
a fancy term for how common a behavior or characteristic is
Base Rate
System 1 thinking is
intuitive thinking
System 2 thinking is
analytical thinking
Precognition, telepathy and clairvoyance are
ESP
