Chapter 3: Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent Variable

A

the variable the researcher manipulates

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2
Q

Dependent Variable

A

the variable that is being measured

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3
Q

Random Assignment

A

a 50/50 chance being in either condition in an experiment

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4
Q

Operational Definitions

A

clearly defining what the researcher is measuring

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5
Q

Between-Subjects Design

A

-you can only have one result of the other
-different groups assigned to an experiment
-exposed to one condition or outcome

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6
Q

Within-Subjects Design

A

-having control over the outcome of the experiment
-exposed to both conditions or outcomes
-each participant has their own control

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7
Q

rules of thumb that help streamline our thinking

A

Heuristics

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8
Q

the tendency to presume that someone/ something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member ex. Thinking that a engineer is a lawyer just because the look like one

A

Representative Heuristics

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9
Q

making a judgment based on what we can remember, rather than complete data ex. Watching titanic right before going on a boat, this creates fear within us

A

Availability Heuristics

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10
Q

Keys to a Successful Experimental Design

A

random selection, internal validity, external validity, reliability, awareness of leniency effect, problems with self-report measures

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11
Q

Random Selection

A

incorporating people from across the world

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12
Q

Internal Validity

A

helps us find cause and effect
-was the study done right?

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13
Q

External Validity

A

how well does it generalize/relate to the real world?

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14
Q

Reliability

A

consistency of the test
-do the results stay the same or keep changing?

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15
Q

Awareness of Leniency Effect

A

tendency of being overally generous

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16
Q

Problems of self-report measures?

A

tendency to stick around the middle during surveys

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17
Q

What do Descriptive Statistics do

A

Describe the data

18
Q

What do Inferential Statistics talk about

A

the differences between groups/samples

19
Q

Mode

A

the number that appears the most

20
Q

Median

A

the number in the middle when u line all the numbers up

21
Q

Mean

A

the average between all the numbers

22
Q

Range

A

lowest and highest number

23
Q

SD

A

tells us how far each point is from the median

24
Q

Improvement resulting from the expectation of seeing improvement

A

The Placebo Effect

25
Q

unintentionally biasing a study since they are aware of the hypothesis
(when you are more biased towards someone with a certain condition than a person without that condition. To prevent this we use a DOUBLE BLIND STUDY where neither the researcher nor the participant know what condition their in .

A

Experimental Expectancy

26
Q

is when people are aware that they in an experiment it may affect their behavior or they way they act

A

The Hawthorne Effect

27
Q

when people know what a researcher is looking for, causing them to act that way, things in the environment that allow people to guess the hypothesis

A

Controlling Demand Experiments

28
Q

Human ethics prevent

A

deception

29
Q

an experimental design consists of two ingredients which include

A

random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable

30
Q

experiment expectancy occurs when

A

researchers hypothesis lead them to unintentionally bias a study

31
Q

research participants can pick cues known as demand characteristics from an experiment to allow them to

A

generate guesses regarding the experimenters hypothesis

32
Q

REBS insist on a procedure called_________ where….

A

informed consent; where researchers must tell subjects what they’re going into before asking them to participate

33
Q

debriefing is

A

a process whereby researchers inform participants what the study was about

34
Q

another type of descriptive statistic is called ___________ which….

A

variability; which gives us a sense of how loosely or tightly bunched the scores are

35
Q

the nocebo effect is

A

harm resulting from the expectation of harm

36
Q

in experimental designs, the differences among participants are _________ whereas in correlational they are __________

A

created; measured

37
Q

Replicability involves…., Reproductibility involves…..

A

replicability collecting new data from new participants whereas reproductivity involves repeating the same statistical analysis on already collected data

38
Q

an analysis of a set of studies on a particular topic that statistically evaluated the strength of patterns across different studies

A

meta analysis

39
Q

a fancy term for how common a behavior or characteristic is

A

Base Rate

40
Q

System 1 thinking is

A

intuitive thinking

41
Q

System 2 thinking is

A

analytical thinking

42
Q

Precognition, telepathy and clairvoyance are

A

ESP