CHAPTER 5 – Rules and Goals: Important Strategies for Influencing Behaviour Flashcards
Define a rule, and give a sport example that is not in this chapter. Does your example your example illustrate all 3 aspects of a complete rule?
Answer-In behavioral psychology, a rule is a statement that a specific behavior will pay off in a particular situation.
Example- when a soccer player misses the penalty shoot 3 times in a row, that particular is not given chance to take penalty shots in the games later.
Yes my example illustrates all three aspects of a complete rule (antecedent, behavior and consequence).
What is a partial rule? Describe a sport example that is not in this chapter. Which of the three aspects of a rule does your example specify?
Answer- Rules that do not identify all three aspects antecedent, behavior and consequence of a reinforcement situation are called partial rules.
Example- A cricket batsman who hits the maximum number of six in a match is reward with a prize money of five thousand dollars.
My example specify the consequences part of the rule.
Define contingency- learned behavior and give a sport example that is not in this chapter.
Answer- A behavior that has been strengthened or weakened in settings by the direct effects of consequences in those settings.
Example- when person playing badminton for the first time, tries to severe, the shuttlecock fails to cross the net and reach the opponent players side, but sometimes it reaches the opponents side, later in the game the person learns to hit the shuttlecock with right amount of force so that it reaches the opponents side without fail.
What are two reasons that the rule, “I’m going to eat healthier and lose some weight,” is so difficult to follow for many people?
Answer-first one, each instance of following a rule leads to small, immediate consequences, and it is often necessary to follow the rule many times in order for the consequences to accumulate and become noticeable. Second one-In some cases, punishers fro failing to follow a rule are small and only cumulatively significant. Such rules are not effective.
What are four characteristics of rules that are often effective in controlling behaviour?
Answer- A) The circumstances in which the behavior should occur.
B) The specific behavior in which the individual is to engage.
C) A deadline for performing the behavior.
D) The specific consequences for complying or not complying with the rules.
What type of goal in an outcome goal? Describe a sport example that is not in this chapter.
Answer- Outcome goals are goals for results against competitors.
Example-The sprinters who come in top four in the sport event contented by school those sprinters are selected to represent the school in interschool sport competitions.
What type of goal is a performance-standard goal? Describe a sport example that is not in this chapter?
Answer-Performance –standard goal are goals for which an athlete tries to meet a performance standard that is not an outcome goal. Many of this involves the athlete competing against oneself. Other performance-standard goal involves an athlete interacting with other athletes but the focus is not on winning or losing.
Example- A person, who trains karate, sets a goal of doing 300 pushups everyday before then training begins.
What type of goal is an execution or process goal? Describe a sport example that is not in this chapter.
Answer- Execution or process goals are goals for performing skills in certain ways.
Example- wicket keeper in cricket game wearing hand gloves to protect his hands from getting hurt by force of the ball.
17) What is a mastery criterion? Give a sport example that is not in this chapter.
Answer- A mastery criterion is a specific guideline for performing a skill such that if the guideline is met, the skill is likely to be mastered.
Example- cricket batsman hitting four out of six balls in an over for boundary.
18) A mastery criterion is typically formed so that what two assumptions are likely to be met?
Answer- First, once the athlete has achieved the mastery criterion, it is likely that he or she has learned the skill well enough so that, if asked to do it sometime later, the skill would be performed correctly. Second, if the athlete has met a mastery criterion during practice, there is a high probability that the skill will be executed correctly during a competition.
20) According to Hayes and Colleagues, why is public goal setting likely to be more effective than private goal setting?
Answer-Public goals are usually more effective than private goals. In many areas of behavior modification, public goals have been demonstrated to be more effective than private goals. Public goals for a person are goals that at least one other person, and usually several or more other people, are aware of, Hayes and Colleagues theorized that setting a public goal provides a public standard against which performance can be evaluated, and that it implies social consequences for achieving or not achieving the goals.
21) From a behavioral perspective, what is the meaning of commitment in the context of goal setting? Give a sport example that illustrates all three components of commitment.
Answer- Commitment refers to statements or actions by a person setting a goal that imply that the goal is important, that he or she will work toward it, and that he or she recognizes the benefits of doing so.
Example- A cricket player who plays for his district cricket club, knows that if he performs well in all the inter district cricket matches, then he will be chosen to play for international cricket matches for his country.
