Chapter 5 Review (12 questions) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

• What are the 2 major components of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Outer epidermis
    ¥ Superficial epithelium
  2. Inner dermis
    ¥ Connective tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

• All membranes are composed of an epithelium and connective tissue. What is the relationship between the dermis, epidermis, and this general membrane structure?

A
¥	Originate in the dermis
¥	Extend through the epidermis to skin surface
¥	Hair
¥	Nails
¥	Multicellular exocrine glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

• Which body systems have important connections with the integumentary system?

A

¥ Cardiovascular system
¥ Blood vessels in the dermis
¥ Nervous system
¥ Sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

• What is the relationship between the hypodermis and the cutaneous membrane?

A

Hypodermis (Superficial Fascia or Subcutaneous Layer)
¥ Loose connective tissue
¥ Below the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

• What are the functions of skin?

A

¥ Protection of underlying tissues and organs
¥ Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
¥ Maintenance of body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
¥ Production of melanin
¥ Production of keratin
¥ Synthesis of vitamin D3 ¥ Storage of lipids
¥ Detection of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

• What cell type is most abundant in the epidermis? How are these cells organized?

A

¥ Keratinocytes contain large amounts of keratin

¥ Are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

• What is the difference between thin skin and thick skin?

o What is the relationship between structure, function, and location for these two types of skin?

A
Thin Skin
¥	Covers most of the body 
¥	Has four layers of keratinocytes 
Thick Skin
¥	Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
¥	Has five layers of keratinocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

• How are the 5 strata of keratinocytes organized in thick skin?
o What structures/functions are associated with the cells of each layer?
o Which layers include actively dividing cells? non-dividing cells? dead cells?

A

Stratum Basale
¥ Innermost epidermal layer attached to basement membrane by hemidesmosomes
¥ Forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis
¥ Forms epidermal ridges (e.g., fingerprints)
¥ Has many basal cells (stem cells or germinative cells)
¥ Dermal papillae (tiny mounds)
¥ Increase the area of basement membrane
¥ Strengthen attachment between epidermis and dermis
Specialized Cells of Stratum Basale
¥ Merkel cells (tactile cells) respond to light touch trigger nervous system
¥ Found in hairless skin
¥ Melanocytes contain the pigment melanin
¥ Scattered throughout stratum basale

Stratum Spinosum the “spiny layer”
¥ Produced by division of stratum basale
¥ Eight to ten layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes
¥ Cells shrink until cytoskeleton sticks out (spiny appearance)
¥ Continue to divide, increasing the thickness of epithelium
¥ Contain dendritic (Langerhans) cells that are active in immune responses
Stratum Granulosum the “grainy layer”
¥ 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes derived from stratum spinosum
¥ Cells stop dividing and start producing keratin
¥ A tough, fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails
¥ Dense granules of keratohyalin cross-link keratin fibers
¥ Cells ultimately dehydrate and die, leaving behind a tightly interlocked layer of cells that are packed with keratin/keratohyalin
Stratum Lucidum the “clear layer”
¥ Found only in thick skin
¥ Covers stratum granulosum
¥ Cells are flat, densely packed, and filled with keratin
Stratum Corneum the “horn layer”
¥ Exposed surface of skin
¥ 15 to 30 layers of keratinized cells
¥ Water resistant (NOT waterproof)
¥ It takes 7 to 10 days for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum
¥ Dead cells generally remain in the stratum corneum for 2 weeks before they are shed away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

• How does water move across the cutaneous membrane?

A

Dehydration
¥ Insensible perspiration goes undetected
¥ Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum 500ml per day
¥ Sensible perspiration can see/feel water loss
¥ Water excreted by sweat glands
¥ Immersion in hypertonic solution swimming in the ocean
Hydration
¥ Immersion in hypotonic solution taking a bath
¥ Cells of the stratum corneum may swell to 4 times their normal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

• What influences skin color?

o How are the 2 major skin pigments synthesized or absorbed into the body?

A
  1. Carotene
    ¥ Orange-yellow pigment found in orange vegetables
    ¥ Can be converted to vitamin A maintenance of epithelia and synthesis of photoreceptor pigments
  2. Melanin
    ¥ Yellow-brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

• What is required for epidermal cells to produce vitamin D3?

A

¥ Epidermal cells produce vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

¥ In the presence of UV radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

o How is vitamin D3 connected to the structure and function of the skeletal system?

A

¥ Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into calcitriol

¥ Facilitates absorption of calcium and phosphorus along digestive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

• What are the functions of epidermal growth factor?

A

¥ Promotes division of basal cells
¥ Accelerates keratin production
¥ Stimulates epidermal repair
¥ Stimulates glandular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

• What are the 2 major layers of the dermis?

o What structures/functions are associated with each layer?

A

The Papillary Layer
¥ Consists of areolar CT
¥ Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons
¥ Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges
The Reticular Layer
¥ Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
¥ Contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
¥ Contains collagen and elastic fibers
¥ Contains connective tissue proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

• How can skin be damaged?

A

Dermal Strength and Elasticity
¥ Presence of two types of fibers
1. Collagen fibers
¥ Very strong, resist stretching but bend easily
¥ Provide flexibility
2. Elastic fibers
¥ Permit stretching and then recoil to original length
¥ Skin turgor describes the properties of flexibility and resilience, also a marker of dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

• What functions or activities are controlled by nerve fibers in the skin?

A

¥ Nerve fibers in skin control:
¥ Blood flow
¥ Gland secretions
¥ Sensory receptors
¥ Light touch tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles, located in dermal papillae
¥ Deep pressure and vibration lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, in the reticular layer

17
Q

• What is the structure and function of the hypodermis?

A

¥ Lies below the integument
¥ Stabilizes the skin
¥ Allows separate movement
¥ Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
¥ Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
¥ Few capillaries and no vital organs
¥ The site of subcutaneous injections using hypodermic needles

18
Q

• What are 5 prominent accessory structures of the integument?

A

¥ Hair, Hair Follicles, Sebaceous Glands, Sweat Glands, and Nails

19
Q

• What is the basic structure of a hair follicle?

A

¥ Located deep in dermis
¥ Produces nonliving hairs
¥ Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath
¥ Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus)

20
Q

o What are the 2 major regions of a hair?

A
¥	Hair root
¥	Lower part of the hair
¥	Attached to the integument
¥	Hair shaft
¥	Upper part of the hair
¥	Not attached to the integument
21
Q

o What are the functions of hair?

A

¥ Protects and insulates
¥ Guards openings against particles and insects
¥ Is sensitive to very light touch

22
Q

• How does the structure of a sebaceous gland differ from a sebaceous follicle?

A

¥ Sebaceous glands
¥ Associated with hair follicles
¥ Sebaceous follicles
¥ Discharge directly onto skin surface

23
Q

o What functions are associated with sebaceous glands?

A

¥ Holocrine glands

¥ Secrete sebum

24
Q

• How does the structure of an apocrine sweat gland differ from a merocrine sweat gland?

A
Apocrine Sweat Glands
¥	Found in axillary and genital areas
¥	Secrete products into hair follicles
¥	Produce sticky, cloudy secretions 
¥	Break down and cause odors
Merocrine (Eccrine) Sweat Glands 
¥	Widely distributed on body surface
¥	Discharge directly onto skin surface
¥	Sensible perspiration
¥	Water, salts, and organic compounds
25
Q

o What functions are associated with sweat glands?

A

¥ Secrete products into hair follicles

26
Q

• Be able to identify the nail structures listed above on a figure.

A

¥ Nail body the visible portion of the nail
¥ The nail body covers the nail bed (underlying epidermis)
¥ Lunula the pale crescent at the base of the nail
¥ Eponychium (cuticle) a portion of the stratum corneum
¥ Sides of nails lie in lateral nail grooves that are surrounded by lateral nail folds

27
Q

• How is the integument repaired following an injury?

o Which cells are involved in this process?

A

¥ Bleeding occurs
¥ Mast cells trigger inflammatory response
¥ A scab (blood clot) stabilizes and protects the area
¥ Stem cells of the stratum basale divide and migrate around the wound
¥ Macrophages “clean up” the area via phagocytosis
¥ Fibroblasts produce scar tissue that contains more protein fibers (collagen) and less cells, vessels, and accessory structures than normal

28
Q

• What are some effects of aging on the integumentary system? (you should be able to name at least 5)

A
¥	Epidermal thinning
¥	Decreased numbers of Langerhans cells (immune function)
¥	Decreased vitamin D3 production
¥	Decreased melanocyte activity
¥	Decreased glandular activity (sweat and oil glands)
¥	Reduced blood supply
¥	Decreased function of hair follicles
¥	Reduction of elastic fibers
¥	Slower repair rate