Chapter 1 Review (7 questions) 1 short Flashcards
What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of structures and Physiology study of function
Gross anatomy and Microscopic anatomy
Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology
What is the difference between cytology and histology?
Cytology- study of cells and their structures
Histology- study of tissues and their structures
What are the levels of organization that build to form an organism
Chemical and molecular levels -> Cellular level -> Tissue-> Organs -> Organ system -> Organism
How can a change/dysfunction in one level affect the functions in larger levels?
Malfunction in the molecular and cellular level causes misshaped or unproductive tissues which lead to malfunctioning organs and organ systems
What are the 11 organ systems?
Integumentary , Skeletal, Muscular , Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male reproductive, Female reproductive
Integumentary system major organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
Skeletal system major organs
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow
Muscular system major organs
Skeletal muscles and tendons
Nervous system major organs
Brain, spinal cord, Peripheral nerves, Sense organs
Endocrine system major organs
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
What is the relationship between homeostasis and homeostatic regulation? (Short answer)
Homeostasis- all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.
Homeostatic-
What are the 2 general mechanisms that are involved in homeostatic regulation?
Autoregulation (intrinsic) - automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
Extrinsic regulation - Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems
What are the 3 components that are present for all regulatory mechanisms?
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
What is the function of each component?
Receptor - receives/senses the stimulus -> “measures” the environment collects information
Control Center- Processes information and sends instructions
Effector- Carries out instructions, causes a change
How do theses components work together?
Thermometer (receptor) -> Thermostat (control center)
-> AC is on
What is the role of negative and positive feedback in homeostatic regulation?
Negative feedback- the effector moves a parameter in the opposite direction from the stimulus
Positive feedback- effector moves a parameter in the same direction as the stimulus
Compare/Contrast negative versus positive feedback
Negative- body is brought back into homeostatic( near set point) Normal range is maintained. Ex. Body temp
Positive- body is moved farther and farther away from homeostasis -> speeds up processes. Normal range is lost
Ex blood clotting
Which body structures function as receptors, control center, and effectors?
Receptors- Temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus
Control center- Thermoregulatory center in brain
Effectors- Sweet glands in skin increase secretion. Blood vessels in skin dilate
How is blood clotting an example of positive feedback?
Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting.
The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments and soluble proteins in the blood begin to form a clot
As clotting continues each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. (positive feedback)
This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot which patches the vessel was and stops the bleeding.
What is the relationship between homeostasis and disease.
Physiological systems work to restore and maintain balance
Failure results in disease or death
Why is dynamic equilibrium an appropriate classification of homeostasis?
Continual adaptation
What parts of the body do the anatomical landmarks listed in Fig 1-5 refer to?
Practice handouts
Compare/contrast the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants with the 9 abdominopelvic regions
Practice handouts
Compare/contrast transverse, frontal, and sagittal sectional planes
Frontal plane- a frontal section
Sagittal plane- right and left sides
Transverse plane- separates superior and inferior portions
Compare/contrast transverse, frontal, and sagittal sectional planes
Frontal plane- a frontal section
Sagittal plane- right and left sides
Transverse plane- separates superior and inferior portions
What functions are performed by body cavities?
Thoracic cavity- pleural cavity. Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity- peritoneal cavity. Abdominal cavity. Pelvic cavity
