Chapter 1 Review (7 questions) 1 short

Question 1

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Answer 1

Anatomy is the study of structures and Physiology study of function
Gross anatomy and Microscopic anatomy
Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology

Question 2

What is the difference between cytology and histology?

Answer 2

Cytology- study of cells and their structures

Histology- study of tissues and their structures

Question 3

What are the levels of organization that build to form an organism

Answer 3

Chemical and molecular levels -> Cellular level -> Tissue-> Organs -> Organ system -> Organism

Question 4

How can a change/dysfunction in one level affect the functions in larger levels?

Answer 4

Malfunction in the molecular and cellular level causes misshaped or unproductive tissues which lead to malfunctioning organs and organ systems

Question 5

What are the 11 organ systems?

Answer 5

Integumentary , Skeletal, Muscular , Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male reproductive, Female reproductive

Question 6

Integumentary system major organs

Answer 6

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Question 7

Skeletal system major organs

Answer 7

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow

Question 8

Muscular system major organs

Answer 8

Skeletal muscles and tendons

Question 9

Nervous system major organs

Answer 9

Brain, spinal cord, Peripheral nerves, Sense organs

Question 10

Endocrine system major organs

Answer 10

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems

Question 11

What is the relationship between homeostasis and homeostatic regulation? (Short answer)

Answer 11

Homeostasis- all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.
Homeostatic-

Question 12

What are the 2 general mechanisms that are involved in homeostatic regulation?

Answer 12

Autoregulation (intrinsic) - automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change
Extrinsic regulation - Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Question 13

What are the 3 components that are present for all regulatory mechanisms?

Answer 13

Receptor
Control Center
Effector

Question 14

What is the function of each component?

Answer 14

Receptor - receives/senses the stimulus -> “measures” the environment collects information
Control Center- Processes information and sends instructions
Effector- Carries out instructions, causes a change

Question 15

How do theses components work together?

Answer 15

Thermometer (receptor) -> Thermostat (control center)

-> AC is on

Question 16

What is the role of negative and positive feedback in homeostatic regulation?

Answer 16

Negative feedback- the effector moves a parameter in the opposite direction from the stimulus
Positive feedback- effector moves a parameter in the same direction as the stimulus

Question 17

Compare/Contrast negative versus positive feedback

Answer 17

Negative- body is brought back into homeostatic( near set point) Normal range is maintained. Ex. Body temp

Positive- body is moved farther and farther away from homeostasis -> speeds up processes. Normal range is lost
Ex blood clotting

Question 18

Which body structures function as receptors, control center, and effectors?

Answer 18

Receptors- Temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus
Control center- Thermoregulatory center in brain
Effectors- Sweet glands in skin increase secretion. Blood vessels in skin dilate

Question 19

How is blood clotting an example of positive feedback?

Answer 19

Damage to cells in the blood vessel wall releases chemicals that begin the process of blood clotting.

The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments and soluble proteins in the blood begin to form a clot

As clotting continues each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. (positive feedback)

This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot which patches the vessel was and stops the bleeding.

Question 20

What is the relationship between homeostasis and disease.

Answer 20

Physiological systems work to restore and maintain balance

Failure results in disease or death

Question 21

Why is dynamic equilibrium an appropriate classification of homeostasis?

Answer 21

Continual adaptation

Question 22

What parts of the body do the anatomical landmarks listed in Fig 1-5 refer to?

Answer 22

Practice handouts

Question 23

Compare/contrast the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants with the 9 abdominopelvic regions

Answer 23

Practice handouts

Question 24

Compare/contrast transverse, frontal, and sagittal sectional planes

Answer 24

Frontal plane- a frontal section
Sagittal plane- right and left sides
Transverse plane- separates superior and inferior portions

Question 25

Compare/contrast transverse, frontal, and sagittal sectional planes

Answer 25

Frontal plane- a frontal section
Sagittal plane- right and left sides
Transverse plane- separates superior and inferior portions

Question 26

What functions are performed by body cavities?

Answer 26

Thoracic cavity- pleural cavity. Pericardial cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity- peritoneal cavity. Abdominal cavity. Pelvic cavity