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Biology 223 > Chapter 2 Review (11 questions) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Review (11 questions) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relationship between atoms and elements?

A

Atoms- join together to form chemicals with different characteristics

Elements- a pure substance composed of only one kind of atom

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2
Q

Protons: Location, Mass, Charge, Influence on chemical properties.

A

Positive charged
Mass- same as neutrons
Located in nucleus
sums up the mass of a large object

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3
Q

Neutrons: Location, Mass, Charge, Influence on chemical properties.

A

Neutral charges or uncharged
Located in nucleus
sums up the mass of a large object

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4
Q

Electrons: Location, Mass, Charge, Influence on chemical properties.

A

Mass 1/1836
Negative charge
sums up the mass of a large object

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5
Q

What is the difference between atomic number, atomic mass, and atomic weight?

A

Atomic number= number of protons in an atom

Atomic mass = actual mass of an atom of a specific isotopes

Atomic weight= average mass, accounting for isotopes

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6
Q

What are enzymes? How do enzymes function?

A

Enzymes- protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions.

Enzymes allow reactions to happen fast enough to support life

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7
Q

What are enzymes? How do enzymes function?

A

Enzymes- protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions.

Enzymes allow reactions to happen fast enough to support life

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8
Q

How do organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds?

A

Inorganic- molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen

ex: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salt

Organic- Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen

ex: carbs, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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9
Q

What are the 4 special properties of water?

A

Solut

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10
Q

What are the 4 special properties of water?

A

Solubility- dissolve in water
Reactivity- Most body chemistry occurs in water
High heat capacity- ability to absorb and retain heat
Lubrication- moisten and reduce friction

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11
Q

why is water such a good solvent?

A

water molecule has positive and negative ends

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12
Q

What kinds of molecules readily dissolve in water? What of molecules do not?

A

Hydrophilic - water loving
Includes ions and polar molecules

Hydrophobic- water fearing
includes non polar molecules , fats and oils

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13
Q

What does pH measure?

A

the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

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14
Q

What properties make a substance an acid?

A

pH is lower than 7.0

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15
Q

What properties make a substance a base?

A

pH is higher than 7.0

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16
Q

How do acids/bases affect pH?

A

Acids add hydrogen ions to a solution. Proton donor

Bases remove hydrogen ions from a solution. Proton acceptor

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17
Q

How do buffers work?

A

are compounds that neutralize acids and bases

Prevent large changes in the pH of the body

Sodium bicarbonate is very important in humans

18
Q

What is the structure of a carb? What are carbs made of?

A

Covalent bonds
1:2:1 ratio
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Monosaccharide -> simple sugar
Disaccharide-> two sugars
Polysaccharide -> many sugars

19
Q

Functions of monosaccharides

A

Energy source
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms

Ex. glucose, fructose, galactose

20
Q

Functions of polysaccharides

A

energy storage, structure

Many monosaccharides connected by dehydration synthesis reactions

Broken down by hydrolysis reactions

Ex. glycogen, starch, cellulose

21
Q

What is the structure of a lipid? What are they made of?

A

mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils and waxes

mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms

22
Q

How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ?

A

Saturated with hydrogen
No double bonds
Generally solid at room temperature

Unsaturated
One or more double bonds
Generally liquid at room temperature

23
Q

What are the 5 major classes of lipids?

A 
Fatty acids 
Eicosanoids 
Glycerides 
Steroids 
Phospholipids and glycolipids
24
Q

Fatty Acids

A

Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end

25
Q

Eicosanoids

A

active in the immune system

26
Q

Glycerides

A

energy source
insulation
protection

27
Q

Steroids

A

Cholesterol
Estrogens and testosterone
Corticosteroids and calcitriol
Bile salts

28
Q

Phospholipids and Glycolipids

A

are structural lipids -> components of cell membranes

29
Q

Structure of a protein. And what are proteins made of?

A

built from long chains of amino acids

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

30
Q

Components of an amino acid

A

Amino group, central carbon, Carboxyl group, r group

31
Q

4 levels of protein structure

A

Primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds often form spirals or pleats

Tertiary structure
Secondary structure folds into a unique shape

Quaternary structure
final protein shape when multiple subunits are needed to form a functional protein complex

32
Q

Examples of protein functions

A

Support
Structural proteins

Movement
Contractile proteins

Transport
Carrier proteins

Buffering
Regulation of pH

Metabolic Regulation
Enzymes

Coordination and Control
Hormones

Defense
Antibodies

33
Q

What is the structure of a nucleic acid (DNA,RNA)

A

Strings of nucleotides

34
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide

A

a pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C, or U)

35
Q

How do DNA or RNA differ from one another?

A

DNA forms a double helix
RNA is usually a single strand

DNA- Adenine (A) and thymine(T)

RNA- Uracil (U) replaces thymine(T)

36
Q

How do DNA or RNA differ from one another?

A

DNA forms a double helix
RNA is usually a single strand

DNA- Adenine (A) and thymine(T)

RNA- Uracil (U) replaces thymine(T)

37
Q

What functions are performed by DNA? By RNA?

A

DNA - nucleus, determines inherited characteristics, contains protein “blueprints”

RNA- directs intermediate steps in protein synthesis

38
Q

What are the complementary base pairs for DNA and RNA

A

DNA - (A) (T) & (C) (G)

RNA - (A) (U) & (C) (G)

39
Q

What is the structure of ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

40
Q

Function of ATP

A

energy source

41
Q

Why do cells need to breakdown and reform biological molecules.

A

Metabolic turnover lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities

Biology 223 (6 decks)

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