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ANTH 1101: Introduction to Primatology and Human Evolution > Chapter 5: Primate Ecology and Diversity > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Primate Ecology and Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

what is a homologous trait?

A

a trait that is common to several groups due to a shared common ancestor in the past

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2
Q

define viviparity

A

essentially giving birth to live offspring

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3
Q

what is homology?

A

the similarity in anatomy and behaviour due to common ancestry

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4
Q

what is analogy?

A

similarity in structure and function derived independently of one another (e.g wings of a bird vs wings of a bee)

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5
Q

nocturnal vs diurnal vs crepuscular

A

nocturnal: night dwelling
diurnal: day dwelling
crepuscular: dawn and dusk dwelling

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6
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

the difference in body size of mature males and females

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7
Q

what are some common primate characteristics?

A
  • grasping hands and feet
  • nails instead of claws
  • hind-limb driven locomotion
  • forward facing eyes
  • reduced smell, enhanced vision
  • large brains
  • long gestation
  • small litters
  • long lifespan
  • long juvenile period
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8
Q

what is stereoscopic vision?

A

the ability to see images in 3D with depth perception

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9
Q

what are the 4 different kinds of teeth primates have?

A

incisors, canines, premolars and molars

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10
Q

what is the dental formula of humans?

A

2:1:2:3

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11
Q

what is brachiation?

A

the process of swinging between trees using only arms

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12
Q

arboreal vs terrestrial

A

arboreal: tree dwelling
terrestrial: land dwelling

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13
Q

what is the modern range of primates?

A

the Americas, Africa and Asia

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14
Q

what is the ancient range of primates?

A

included Europe and North America

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15
Q

what is the HUMAN line of primate taxonomy?

A
  1. primates
  2. haplorrhines
  3. semiformes
  4. catarrhine
  5. hominoidea
  6. hominidae
  7. hominini
  8. hominina
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16
Q

what are the two suborders in the taxonomy?

A

strepsirrhines and haplorrhines

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17
Q

what are some qualities of a strepsirrhine?

A
  • “twisted nose”
  • wet noses with a rhinarium
  • tooth combs
  • tapetum lucidum (night vision)
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18
Q

what are some qualities of a haplorrhine?

A
  • “simple nose”
  • dry nose
  • no rhinarium
  • has fovea rather than a tapetum (sharp vision)
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19
Q

what are the 4 infraorders in the taxonomy?

A

lemuriforms, lorisiformes, semiformes, and tarsiformes

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20
Q

what are the lemuriforms?

A
  • lemurs
  • adaptive radiation
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21
Q

what is adaptive radiation?

A

a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor

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22
Q

what are lorisiformes?

A
  • lorises, galagoes and pottos
  • arboreal
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23
Q

what are tarsiformes?

A
  • small, nocturnal insect eaters
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24
Q

what are the two parvorders following semiformes?

A

platyrrhines and catarrhines

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25
Q

what are some qualities of a platyrrhine?

A
  • flat noses
  • NEW WORLD MONKEYS
  • outward facing nostrils
  • only parvorder to have prehensive tails
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26
Q

what are some qualities of a catarrhine?

A
  • OLD WORLD MONKEYS AND APES
  • downward facing nostrils
  • no prehensile tails
  • larger body size compared to platyrrhines
27
Q

what are the new world monkeys?

A

platyrrhines

28
Q

what are the old world monkeys and apes?

A

catarrhines

29
Q

what are the two superfamilies following catarrhines?

A

cercopithecoidea and hominoidea

30
Q

which includes the old world monkeys, cercopithecoidea or hominoidea?

A

cercopithecoidea

31
Q

which includes the apes?

A

hominoidea

32
Q

what are some qualities of cercopithecoidea?

A
  • have tails (none prehensile)
  • old world monkeys
  • bilophodont molars (square)
33
Q

what are some qualities of hominoidea?

A
  • apes
  • no tails
  • large brains
  • y-5 molars
34
Q

what are the two families following hominoidea?

A

hylobatidae and hominidae

35
Q

what is pelage?

A

fur colour

36
Q

what are some qualities of hylobatidae?

A
  • gibbons and siamangs
  • long arms
  • pair bonds
  • territorial duets
  • lesser apes
37
Q

what are some qualities of hominidae?

A
  • great apes
  • quadrupedal
  • relies on hands
  • altricial young
38
Q

what are the two subfamilies following hominidae?

A

homininae and ponginae

39
Q

what are some qualities of ponginae?

A
  • pongo
  • orangutans
  • solitary living
40
Q

what are some qualities of hominae?

A
  • no orangutans, only African apes
41
Q

what are the two tribes following hominae?

A

gorillini and hominini

42
Q

what are the two subtribes following hominini?

A

hominina and panina

43
Q

what are the three genus?

A

gorilla, pan, and homo

44
Q

what are some qualities of the gorilla?

A
  • largest of the apes
  • usually one male multifemale groups
45
Q

what are some qualities of the homo genus?

A
  • includes all humans and relatives since our split with chimpanzees
  • behavioural flexibility
  • bipedal
46
Q

what are some qualities of the genus pan?

A
  • chimpanzees and bonobos
  • knuckle walking
  • tool makers
47
Q

what is the basal vs active metabolic rates?

A

basal: rate you burn energy at rest
active: twice that energy is spent when active

48
Q
A
49
Q

what are insectivores?

A
  • eat insects
  • small body size
  • simple digestive systems
50
Q

what are folivores?

A
  • eat leaves
  • complex digestive systems
  • sharp molars
  • large body size
51
Q

what are frugivores?

A
  • eat fruit
  • large digestive systems
  • medium body size
  • flat molars
52
Q

what are gummivores?

A
  • eat gum and tree sap
  • small body size
  • long incisors
53
Q

what are the two factors influencing territory size?

A
  • availability of food
  • seasonality of food
54
Q

a less common food source could mean a ________ area inhabited

A

greater

55
Q

what are the 3 D’s of the benefits of an increased group size?

A
  • dilution (low individual risk of death)
  • deterrence (mobbing)
  • detection (more eyes)
56
Q

what are the costs and benefits of primate sociality?

A

costs: more competition, more disease transmission
benefits: less predators, defense of food, cooperative breeding

57
Q

what is a solitary group type?

A
  • the female and her offspring, the male usually floats around (orangutans)
58
Q

what is a monogamous group type?

A
  • male, female and their offspring (gibbons)
59
Q

what is a polyandrous group type?

A

one female, multiple males and their offspring (tamarinds)

60
Q

what is a polygamy one-male group?

A

one male, multiple females and offspring (gorillas)

61
Q

what is a polygamy multimale group?

A

multiples of both males and females and offspring (chimps)

62
Q

what is cooperative breeding?

A

when an offspring is raised by multiple individuals

63
Q

altricial vs precocial?

A

altricial: useless/dependent young
precocial: independent at birth

64
Q

what is a molecular clock?

A

the timing of when two or more groups split in history

ANTH 1101: Introduction to Primatology and Human Evolution (9 decks)

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