Chapter 5: Primate Ecology and Diversity

Question 1

what is a homologous trait?

Answer 1

a trait that is common to several groups due to a shared common ancestor in the past

Question 2

define viviparity

Answer 2

essentially giving birth to live offspring

Question 3

what is homology?

Answer 3

the similarity in anatomy and behaviour due to common ancestry

Question 4

what is analogy?

Answer 4

similarity in structure and function derived independently of one another (e.g wings of a bird vs wings of a bee)

Question 5

nocturnal vs diurnal vs crepuscular

Answer 5

nocturnal: night dwelling
diurnal: day dwelling
crepuscular: dawn and dusk dwelling

Question 6

what is sexual dimorphism?

Answer 6

the difference in body size of mature males and females

Question 7

what are some common primate characteristics?

Answer 7

• grasping hands and feet
• nails instead of claws
• hind-limb driven locomotion
• forward facing eyes
• reduced smell, enhanced vision
• large brains
• long gestation
• small litters
• long lifespan
• long juvenile period

Question 8

what is stereoscopic vision?

Answer 8

the ability to see images in 3D with depth perception

Question 9

what are the 4 different kinds of teeth primates have?

Answer 9

incisors, canines, premolars and molars

Question 10

what is the dental formula of humans?

Answer 10

2:1:2:3

Question 11

what is brachiation?

Answer 11

the process of swinging between trees using only arms

Question 12

arboreal vs terrestrial

Answer 12

arboreal: tree dwelling
terrestrial: land dwelling

Question 13

what is the modern range of primates?

Answer 13

the Americas, Africa and Asia

Question 14

what is the ancient range of primates?

Answer 14

included Europe and North America

Question 15

what is the HUMAN line of primate taxonomy?

Answer 15

1. primates
2. haplorrhines
3. semiformes
4. catarrhine
5. hominoidea
6. hominidae
7. hominini
8. hominina

Question 16

what are the two suborders in the taxonomy?

Answer 16

strepsirrhines and haplorrhines

Question 17

what are some qualities of a strepsirrhine?

Answer 17

• “twisted nose”
• wet noses with a rhinarium
• tooth combs
• tapetum lucidum (night vision)

Question 18

what are some qualities of a haplorrhine?

Answer 18

• “simple nose”
• dry nose
• no rhinarium
• has fovea rather than a tapetum (sharp vision)

Question 19

what are the 4 infraorders in the taxonomy?

Answer 19

lemuriforms, lorisiformes, semiformes, and tarsiformes

Question 20

what are the lemuriforms?

Answer 20

• lemurs
• adaptive radiation

Question 21

what is adaptive radiation?

Answer 21

a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor

Question 22

what are lorisiformes?

Answer 22

• lorises, galagoes and pottos
• arboreal

Question 23

what are tarsiformes?

Answer 23

• small, nocturnal insect eaters

Question 24

what are the two parvorders following semiformes?

Answer 24

platyrrhines and catarrhines

Question 25

what are some qualities of a platyrrhine?

Answer 25

- flat noses - NEW WORLD MONKEYS - outward facing nostrils - only parvorder to have prehensive tails

Question 26

what are some qualities of a catarrhine?

Answer 26

- OLD WORLD MONKEYS AND APES - downward facing nostrils - no prehensile tails - larger body size compared to platyrrhines

Question 27

what are the new world monkeys?

Answer 27

platyrrhines

Question 28

what are the old world monkeys and apes?

Answer 28

catarrhines

Question 29

what are the two superfamilies following catarrhines?

Answer 29

cercopithecoidea and hominoidea

Question 30

which includes the old world monkeys, cercopithecoidea or hominoidea?

Answer 30

cercopithecoidea

Question 31

which includes the apes?

Answer 31

hominoidea

Question 32

what are some qualities of cercopithecoidea?

Answer 32

- have tails (none prehensile) - old world monkeys - bilophodont molars (square)

Question 33

what are some qualities of hominoidea?

Answer 33

- apes - no tails - large brains - y-5 molars

Question 34

what are the two families following hominoidea?

Answer 34

hylobatidae and hominidae

Question 35

what is pelage?

Answer 35

fur colour

Question 36

what are some qualities of hylobatidae?

Answer 36

- gibbons and siamangs - long arms - pair bonds - territorial duets - lesser apes

Question 37

what are some qualities of hominidae?

Answer 37

- great apes - quadrupedal - relies on hands - altricial young

Question 38

what are the two subfamilies following hominidae?

Answer 38

homininae and ponginae

Question 39

what are some qualities of ponginae?

Answer 39

- pongo - orangutans - solitary living

Question 40

what are some qualities of hominae?

Answer 40

- no orangutans, only African apes

Question 41

what are the two tribes following hominae?

Answer 41

gorillini and hominini

Question 42

what are the two subtribes following hominini?

Answer 42

hominina and panina

Question 43

what are the three genus?

Answer 43

gorilla, pan, and homo

Question 44

what are some qualities of the gorilla?

Answer 44

- largest of the apes - usually one male multifemale groups

Question 45

what are some qualities of the homo genus?

Answer 45

- includes all humans and relatives since our split with chimpanzees - behavioural flexibility - bipedal

Question 46

what are some qualities of the genus pan?

Answer 46

- chimpanzees and bonobos - knuckle walking - tool makers

Question 47

what is the basal vs active metabolic rates?

Answer 47

basal: rate you burn energy at rest active: twice that energy is spent when active

Question 49

what are insectivores?

Answer 49

- eat insects - small body size - simple digestive systems

Question 50

what are folivores?

Answer 50

- eat leaves - complex digestive systems - sharp molars - large body size

Question 51

what are frugivores?

Answer 51

- eat fruit - large digestive systems - medium body size - flat molars

Question 52

what are gummivores?

Answer 52

- eat gum and tree sap - small body size - long incisors

Question 53

what are the two factors influencing territory size?

Answer 53

- availability of food - seasonality of food

Question 54

a less common food source could mean a ________ area inhabited

Answer 54

greater

Question 55

what are the 3 D's of the benefits of an increased group size?

Answer 55

- dilution (low individual risk of death) - deterrence (mobbing) - detection (more eyes)

Question 56

what are the costs and benefits of primate sociality?

Answer 56

costs: more competition, more disease transmission benefits: less predators, defense of food, cooperative breeding

Question 57

what is a solitary group type?

Answer 57

- the female and her offspring, the male usually floats around (orangutans)

Question 58

what is a monogamous group type?

Answer 58

- male, female and their offspring (gibbons)

Question 59

what is a polyandrous group type?

Answer 59

one female, multiple males and their offspring (tamarinds)

Question 60

what is a polygamy one-male group?

Answer 60

one male, multiple females and offspring (gorillas)

Question 61

what is a polygamy multimale group?

Answer 61

multiples of both males and females and offspring (chimps)

Question 62

what is cooperative breeding?

Answer 62

when an offspring is raised by multiple individuals

Question 63

altricial vs precocial?

Answer 63

altricial: useless/dependent young precocial: independent at birth

Question 64

what is a molecular clock?

Answer 64

the timing of when two or more groups split in history