Chapter 4: Speciation and Phylogeny Flashcards
what is microevolution?
evolution within a species
what is macroevolution?
evolution of a new species
how is “species” defined in the biological species concept?
species is defined as a population that interbreed with one another in nature and produce offspring
what is reproductive isolation?
no mating with members outside the population
what is gene flow?
transfer of genetic material from one population to another
what is hybridization?
interbreeding from two populations or groups of populations (species)
how is “species” defined in the ecological species concept?
a species is a set of organisms that are adapted to a set of resources (niche) in the environment
what is allopatric speciation?
when there is physical separation in a population and natural selection results in speciation
what is character displacement?
competition between two species that causes them to develop greater differences
what is reinforcement?
is when natural selection increases reproductive isolation
what is parapatric speciation?
when species in two different habitats are partially isolated from one another but still exchanging genes (hybrid zone)
what is sympatric speciation?
no barriers, close proximity, and a new species develops seemingly spontaneously
what is polymorphism?
the occurrence of two or more clearly different forms
define an ecological niche
where/how/who in terms of living / “way of living”
define habitat
physical setting
define adaptive radiation
when a single kind of animal/plant diversifies to fill available niches
what is homology?
similarity in structure, physiology, or development of different species due to common ancestry
what is the taxonomical order?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
what is phylogeny?
the depiction of the relationship between organisms under the assumption they share a common ancestor
what is anology?
similar due to the same adaptation (e.g. wings in bees and bats)
what is homology?
similar due to a common ancestry (e.g. forelimbs)
what are ancestral traits?
one that is homologous in a group of organisms that descended from a common ancestor
what does homologous mean?
having the same structure and origin
what are derived traits?
modification of the ancestral form, found only in later groups
