Chapter 4: Speciation and Phylogeny

Question 1

what is microevolution?

Answer 1

evolution within a species

Question 2

what is macroevolution?

Answer 2

evolution of a new species

Question 3

how is “species” defined in the biological species concept?

Answer 3

species is defined as a population that interbreed with one another in nature and produce offspring

Question 4

what is reproductive isolation?

Answer 4

no mating with members outside the population

Question 5

what is gene flow?

Answer 5

transfer of genetic material from one population to another

Question 6

what is hybridization?

Answer 6

interbreeding from two populations or groups of populations (species)

Question 7

how is “species” defined in the ecological species concept?

Answer 7

a species is a set of organisms that are adapted to a set of resources (niche) in the environment

Question 8

what is allopatric speciation?

Answer 8

when there is physical separation in a population and natural selection results in speciation

Question 9

what is character displacement?

Answer 9

competition between two species that causes them to develop greater differences

Question 10

what is reinforcement?

Answer 10

is when natural selection increases reproductive isolation

Question 11

what is parapatric speciation?

Answer 11

when species in two different habitats are partially isolated from one another but still exchanging genes (hybrid zone)

Question 12

what is sympatric speciation?

Answer 12

no barriers, close proximity, and a new species develops seemingly spontaneously

Question 13

what is polymorphism?

Answer 13

the occurrence of two or more clearly different forms

Question 14

define an ecological niche

Answer 14

where/how/who in terms of living / “way of living”

Question 15

define habitat

Answer 15

physical setting

Question 16

define adaptive radiation

Answer 16

when a single kind of animal/plant diversifies to fill available niches

Question 17

what is homology?

Answer 17

similarity in structure, physiology, or development of different species due to common ancestry

Question 18

what is the taxonomical order?

Answer 18

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 19

what is phylogeny?

Answer 19

the depiction of the relationship between organisms under the assumption they share a common ancestor

Question 20

what is anology?

Answer 20

similar due to the same adaptation (e.g. wings in bees and bats)

Question 21

what is homology?

Answer 21

similar due to a common ancestry (e.g. forelimbs)

Question 22

what are ancestral traits?

Answer 22

one that is homologous in a group of organisms that descended from a common ancestor

Question 23

what does homologous mean?

Answer 23

having the same structure and origin

Question 24

what are derived traits?

Answer 24

modification of the ancestral form, found only in later groups