chapter 5- personal health & illness

Question 1

the maximum number of years a member of a species can live

Answer 1

maximum lifespan

Question 2

the number of years at birth an average member of a population can expect to live

Answer 2

life expectancy

Question 3

changes within the body due to normal wear and tear, genetic mutation, and other internal sources of change, including a decrease in lung capacity, hardening of the arteries, and arthritis

Answer 3

intrinsic aging

Question 4

changes due to external circumstances, including the effects of smoking, sunlight, and noise

Answer 4

extrinsic aging

Question 5

normal decline that takes place in the body overtime

Answer 5

senescence

Question 6

Look to the action of a person’s genes to find the sources of aging

Answer 6

programmed theories

Question 7

refers to the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo in an organism before the cell dies; this limit differs for different species

Answer 7

hayflick limit

Question 8

studies found that cells look longer to double in number, debris accumulated in the cells, the cells gradually stopped dividing, and in the end the cells died

Answer 8

phase II phenomenon

Question 9

plays a role in limiting cell division; this process switches off the cell’s ability to divide. Early in life this process controls growth and produces normal development. But it leads to cell death and breakdown in the body overtime

Answer 9

Apoptosis

Question 10

loss of muscle mass and function in later life

Answer 10

Sarcopenia

Question 11

genes that serve a positive function early in life but damage the system later

Answer 11

Pleiotropic genes

Question 12

View aging as a by-product of errors or mistakes within the body

Answer 12

error theories

Question 13

Link aging to mistakes that take place in the synthesis of proteins

Answer 13

Somatic Mutation Theory

Question 14

The long-term exposure to proteins of glucose molecules leads to a process called glycation

Answer 14

Cross-linking theory

Question 15

the binding of a sugar molecule to a protein

Answer 15

Glycation

Question 16

the binding of proteins to one another

Answer 16

cross-linking

Question 17

cells that seek out glucose molecules, engulf them, destroy them, and send them to the kidneys for elimination

Answer 17

macrophages

Question 18

Oxygen can damage cells and their contents

Answer 18

Free Radicals Theory

Question 19

molecules that have an unpaired electron, a large amount of free energy, and a tendency to bond with other molecules.

Answer 19

free radicals

Question 20

large fatty molecules in the cells created by free radicals

Answer 20

Lipofuscin

Question 21

chemicals in the body that bind and neutralize free radicals; include such nutrients as vitamins C and E and beta carotene, as well as enzymes in the body such as superoxide dismutase.

Answer 21

Antioxidants

Question 22

highlights the effect of the environment on the individual at critical points in development

Answer 22

The sensitive period model

Question 23

says that deficits early in life can lead to cumulative disadvantage

Answer 23

The accumulation model

Question 24

points to complex patterns of challenges, insults, and advantages

Answer 24

The pathway model

Question 25

the transition a society makes when it moves from a high rate of acute illness (mostly in youth) to a high rate of chronic illness (mostly in old age); Canada has made this transition

Answer 25

Epidemiological transition

Question 26

long-term illnesses such as arthritis, rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease

Answer 26

Chronic health problems

Question 27

a limitation in the performance of normal daily activities due to illness or injury

Answer 27

Functional disability

Question 28

activities performed daily, such as bathing, moving from a bed or chair, dressing, getting to and using the toilet, eating and walking

Answer 28

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

Question 29

home management activities such as using the phone, cooking, shopping, managing finances, and doing light housework

Answer 29

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

Question 30

physical problems due to lack of movement

Answer 30

Hypokinesia

Question 31

the years of life remaining that are free of any disability

Answer 31

Disability-free life expectancy

Question 32

the number of years remaining life that a person will live in a state free of dependence on others for daily tasks

Answer 32

Dependence-free life expectancy

Question 33

the idea that severe chronic illness would occur for a short time near the end of life

Answer 33

Compression of morbidity hypothesis

Question 34

the change over time in survival curves resulting in a right angle or square shape, leading researchers to conclude that a finite lifespan exists

Answer 34

Rectangularization, or squaring to the survival curve

Question 35

those who age successfully use the __ method. They select activities that optimize their ability. When they can no longer engage in an activity, they compensate for losses by setting new priorities.

Answer 35

Selective optimization with compression (SOC)