chapter 5- personal health & illness Flashcards

1
Q

the maximum number of years a member of a species can live

A

maximum lifespan

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2
Q

the number of years at birth an average member of a population can expect to live

A

life expectancy

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3
Q

changes within the body due to normal wear and tear, genetic mutation, and other internal sources of change, including a decrease in lung capacity, hardening of the arteries, and arthritis

A

intrinsic aging

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4
Q

changes due to external circumstances, including the effects of smoking, sunlight, and noise

A

extrinsic aging

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5
Q

normal decline that takes place in the body overtime

A

senescence

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6
Q

Look to the action of a person’s genes to find the sources of aging

A

programmed theories

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7
Q

refers to the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo in an organism before the cell dies; this limit differs for different species

A

hayflick limit

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8
Q

studies found that cells look longer to double in number, debris accumulated in the cells, the cells gradually stopped dividing, and in the end the cells died

A

phase II phenomenon

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9
Q

plays a role in limiting cell division; this process switches off the cell’s ability to divide. Early in life this process controls growth and produces normal development. But it leads to cell death and breakdown in the body overtime

A

Apoptosis

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10
Q

loss of muscle mass and function in later life

A

Sarcopenia

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11
Q

genes that serve a positive function early in life but damage the system later

A

Pleiotropic genes

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12
Q

View aging as a by-product of errors or mistakes within the body

A

error theories

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13
Q

Link aging to mistakes that take place in the synthesis of proteins

A

Somatic Mutation Theory

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14
Q

The long-term exposure to proteins of glucose molecules leads to a process called glycation

A

Cross-linking theory

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15
Q

the binding of a sugar molecule to a protein

A

Glycation

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16
Q

the binding of proteins to one another

A

cross-linking

17
Q

cells that seek out glucose molecules, engulf them, destroy them, and send them to the kidneys for elimination

A

macrophages

18
Q

Oxygen can damage cells and their contents

A

Free Radicals Theory

19
Q

molecules that have an unpaired electron, a large amount of free energy, and a tendency to bond with other molecules.

A

free radicals

20
Q

large fatty molecules in the cells created by free radicals

A

Lipofuscin

21
Q

chemicals in the body that bind and neutralize free radicals; include such nutrients as vitamins C and E and beta carotene, as well as enzymes in the body such as superoxide dismutase.

A

Antioxidants

22
Q

highlights the effect of the environment on the individual at critical points in development

A

The sensitive period model

23
Q

says that deficits early in life can lead to cumulative disadvantage

A

The accumulation model

24
Q

points to complex patterns of challenges, insults, and advantages

A

The pathway model

25
Q

the transition a society makes when it moves from a high rate of acute illness (mostly in youth) to a high rate of chronic illness (mostly in old age); Canada has made this transition

A

Epidemiological transition

26
Q

long-term illnesses such as arthritis, rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease

A

Chronic health problems

27
Q

a limitation in the performance of normal daily activities due to illness or injury

A

Functional disability

28
Q

activities performed daily, such as bathing, moving from a bed or chair, dressing, getting to and using the toilet, eating and walking

A

Activities of daily living (ADLs)

29
Q

home management activities such as using the phone, cooking, shopping, managing finances, and doing light housework

A

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

30
Q

physical problems due to lack of movement

A

Hypokinesia

31
Q

the years of life remaining that are free of any disability

A

Disability-free life expectancy

32
Q

the number of years remaining life that a person will live in a state free of dependence on others for daily tasks

A

Dependence-free life expectancy

33
Q

the idea that severe chronic illness would occur for a short time near the end of life

A

Compression of morbidity hypothesis

34
Q

the change over time in survival curves resulting in a right angle or square shape, leading researchers to conclude that a finite lifespan exists

A

Rectangularization, or squaring to the survival curve

35
Q

those who age successfully use the __ method. They select activities that optimize their ability. When they can no longer engage in an activity, they compensate for losses by setting new priorities.

A

Selective optimization with compression (SOC)