chapter 5- personal health & illness Flashcards
the maximum number of years a member of a species can live
maximum lifespan
the number of years at birth an average member of a population can expect to live
life expectancy
changes within the body due to normal wear and tear, genetic mutation, and other internal sources of change, including a decrease in lung capacity, hardening of the arteries, and arthritis
intrinsic aging
changes due to external circumstances, including the effects of smoking, sunlight, and noise
extrinsic aging
normal decline that takes place in the body overtime
senescence
Look to the action of a person’s genes to find the sources of aging
programmed theories
refers to the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo in an organism before the cell dies; this limit differs for different species
hayflick limit
studies found that cells look longer to double in number, debris accumulated in the cells, the cells gradually stopped dividing, and in the end the cells died
phase II phenomenon
plays a role in limiting cell division; this process switches off the cell’s ability to divide. Early in life this process controls growth and produces normal development. But it leads to cell death and breakdown in the body overtime
Apoptosis
loss of muscle mass and function in later life
Sarcopenia
genes that serve a positive function early in life but damage the system later
Pleiotropic genes
View aging as a by-product of errors or mistakes within the body
error theories
Link aging to mistakes that take place in the synthesis of proteins
Somatic Mutation Theory
The long-term exposure to proteins of glucose molecules leads to a process called glycation
Cross-linking theory
the binding of a sugar molecule to a protein
Glycation
the binding of proteins to one another
cross-linking
cells that seek out glucose molecules, engulf them, destroy them, and send them to the kidneys for elimination
macrophages
Oxygen can damage cells and their contents
Free Radicals Theory
molecules that have an unpaired electron, a large amount of free energy, and a tendency to bond with other molecules.
free radicals
large fatty molecules in the cells created by free radicals
Lipofuscin
chemicals in the body that bind and neutralize free radicals; include such nutrients as vitamins C and E and beta carotene, as well as enzymes in the body such as superoxide dismutase.
Antioxidants
highlights the effect of the environment on the individual at critical points in development
The sensitive period model
says that deficits early in life can lead to cumulative disadvantage
The accumulation model
points to complex patterns of challenges, insults, and advantages
The pathway model
the transition a society makes when it moves from a high rate of acute illness (mostly in youth) to a high rate of chronic illness (mostly in old age); Canada has made this transition
Epidemiological transition
long-term illnesses such as arthritis, rheumatism, hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease
Chronic health problems
a limitation in the performance of normal daily activities due to illness or injury
Functional disability
activities performed daily, such as bathing, moving from a bed or chair, dressing, getting to and using the toilet, eating and walking
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
home management activities such as using the phone, cooking, shopping, managing finances, and doing light housework
Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
physical problems due to lack of movement
Hypokinesia
the years of life remaining that are free of any disability
Disability-free life expectancy
the number of years remaining life that a person will live in a state free of dependence on others for daily tasks
Dependence-free life expectancy
the idea that severe chronic illness would occur for a short time near the end of life
Compression of morbidity hypothesis
the change over time in survival curves resulting in a right angle or square shape, leading researchers to conclude that a finite lifespan exists
Rectangularization, or squaring to the survival curve
those who age successfully use the __ method. They select activities that optimize their ability. When they can no longer engage in an activity, they compensate for losses by setting new priorities.
Selective optimization with compression (SOC)
