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PSYC 212 > Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes Flashcards

1
Q

object recognition

A

the process of detecting objects in an image and matching those objects to existing, stored representations of what those objects are

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2
Q

inverse projection problem

A

the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina involves starting with the retinal image and extending rays out of the eye

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3
Q

viewpoint invariance

A

the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints

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4
Q

why is it difficult to design a perceiving machine?

A

The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous
Objects can be hidden or blurred
Objects look different from different viewpoints

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5
Q

perceptual organization

A

The process by which elements in a person’s visual field become perceptually grouped and segregated to create a perception

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6
Q

grouping

A

the process by which elements are put together into coherent units

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7
Q

segregation

A

the process of separating one area or object from another

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8
Q

Gestalt psychologists

A

psychologists in the early 1900s who stated that perception is the result of perceptual organization. “the whole differs from the sum of its parts”

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9
Q

structuralism

A

a school of thought proposed by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 that distinguished between sensations and perceptions

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10
Q

apparent movement

A

the illusion of movement

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11
Q

illusionary contours

A

contour that is perceived even though it is not present in the physical stimulus

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12
Q

gestalt principles

A

A set of principles that determine how elements in a scene become grouped together

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13
Q

principle of good continuation

A

points that when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path

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14
Q

principle of Pragnanz (good figure)

A

every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

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15
Q

principle of similarity

A

similar things appear to be grouped together

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16
Q

principle of proximity

A

things that are near each other appear to be grouped together

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17
Q

principle of common fate

A

things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together

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18
Q

principle of common region

A

elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

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19
Q

principle of uniform connectedness

A

a connected region of the same visual properties is perceived as a single unit

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20
Q

what principles overpower proximity?

A

common region & uniform connectedness

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21
Q

figure-ground segregation

A

The division of a scene into a figure and a ground

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22
Q

figure

A

the object that stands out

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23
Q

ground

A

its background

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24
Q

reversible-figure-ground

A

a pattern that can be perceived alternatively as either a figure or a ground

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25
Q

properties of figures vs. grounds

A
  • The figure is more “thing-like” and memorable
  • The figure is seen as being in front of the ground
  • The ground is seen as unform and extends behind the figure
  • Border ownership
  • Areas lower in the field of view are more likely to be perceived as a figure
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26
Q

border ownership

A

The border separating the figure from the ground appears to belong to the figure

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27
Q

figural cues

A

cues within an image that indicate which image is perceived as a figure

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28
Q

2 main figural cues

A
  • areas lower in the field of view are more likely to be perceived as figure
  • Figures are more likely to be perceived on the convex side of borders
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29
Q

Vecera et al., 2002 figure-ground experiment

A

flashed a stimulus at participants and determined which image was seen as the figure. He found that stimuli presented in the lower field were more likely to be figures

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30
Q

Peterson & Salvagio, 2008 convexity experiment

A

provided participants with displays of stimuli and asked them to indicate whether they perceived the red square as a figure or ground. They found that convex regions were perceived as a figure 89% of the time. They also found that displays with fewer components decreased the likelihood that convex regions were seen as a figure

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31
Q

Gibson & Peterson, 1994 meaningfulness experiment

A

found that ground formation can be affected by the meaningfulness of a stimuli

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32
Q

recognition by component theory

A

States that objects are comprised of geons and that we recognize objects based on the arrangement of those geons

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33
Q

geons

A

Individual 3-dimensional component shapes

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34
Q

how many individual geons are there?

A

36

35
Q

who proposed recognition by component theory?

A

Irving Biederman in the 1980s

36
Q

benefit of recognition by component theory

A

Accounts for viewpoint invariance

37
Q

weaknesses of recognition by component theory

A
  • Couldn’t explain grouping or organization
  • Some objects can’t be represented by assemblies of geons
  • The RBC theory also doesn’t allow for distinguishing between objects within a given category
38
Q

components of a scene

A

Scenes contain 1) background elements 2) multiple objects that are organized in a meaningful way relative to each other and the background

39
Q

objects vs. scenes

A

Objects are acted upon and scenes are acted within

40
Q

gist of a scene

A

the general description of the type of scene

41
Q

Potter, 1976 gist of a scene experiment

A

showed observers a target picture and then asked them to indicate whether they saw that picture as they viewed a sequence of 16 rapidly presented pictures. The observers could do this with almost 100% accuracy even when the pictures were only flashed for 250 ms. Even when the target picture was only specified by a written description, observers achieved an accuracy of almost 90%

42
Q

Fei-Fei et al., 2007 describing scenes experiment

A

tried to determine the “absolute threshold” of what people can perceive in a scene by showing them a scene for a limited amount of time. Found that people mainly were guessing up until 40 ms. At 500 ms, people were able to perceive the gist of the scene

43
Q

masking stimulus

A

a random pattern that covers the original stimulus so that the stimulus is visible only for a particular amount of time

44
Q

global image features

A

features that can be perceived rapidly and are associated with specific types of scenes

45
Q

global image features include

A

Degree of naturalness
Degree of openness
Degree of roughness
Degree of expansion
Colour

46
Q

physical regularities

A

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment

47
Q

semantic regularities

A

characteristics associated with activities that are common in different types of scenes

48
Q

scene schemas

A

the knowledge of what a given scene typically contains

49
Q

palmer 1975 scene schemas experiment

A

presented a context scene and then flashed a target picture. Palmer then asked participants to identify the object in the target picture and they correctly identified it more often when it corresponded to the scene schema

50
Q

who proposed the theory of unconscious inference

A

Hermann von Helmholtz in the 18th century

51
Q

likelihood principle

A

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received

52
Q

unconsious inference

A

the process by which we decide which stimulus is most likely to have occurred

53
Q

prediction

A

the idea that our past experiences help us make informed guesses about what we will perceive

54
Q

bayesian inference

A

the estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors:
1) prior probability
2) likelihood

55
Q

prior probability

A

our initial estimate of the probability of an outcome

56
Q

likelihood

A

The extent to which the available evidence is consistent with that outcome

57
Q

predictive coding theory

A

A theory that describes how the brain uses our past experiences to predict what we will perceive
The brain determines whether what we’re seeing matches what we expect to be seeing. If the incoming signal matches, nothing happens. However, if it doesn’t a prediction error signal is generated, which is sent back up to higher levels so that the existing prediction can be modified

58
Q

Lateral occipital complex (LOC)

A

a brain region within the ventral pathway that is activated when a person views any type of object, but not a texture

59
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

a brain region located in the fusiform gyrus below the inferotemporal (IT) cortex that is specialized to respond to faces (basic face processing)

60
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

difficulty recognizing the faces of familiar people following damage to the FFA

61
Q

occipital cortex function

A

initial face processing

62
Q

amygdala function

A

emotional reaction and familiarity of faces

63
Q

frontal lobe function

A

evaluation of attractiveness of faces

64
Q

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

A

gaze direction, mouth movements, general face movements

65
Q

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

a specialized brain area that is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies

66
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

a specialized brain area in the temporal lobe that responds to places

67
Q

spatial layout hypothesis

A

proposes that the PPA responds to the surface geometry or geometric layout of a scene

68
Q

3D space hypothesis

A

the role of the PPA is to represent 3D space more generally, even if there is no scene

69
Q

contextual relations hypothesis

A

the role of the PPA is to represent how related objects are organized in space

70
Q

binocular rivalry

A

a condition in which the observer perceives either the left-eye image or the right-eye image but not both at the same time because the eyes are receiving totally different images

71
Q

Tong et al., 1998 binocular rivalry experiment

A

When the observers perceive the house, activity occurs in the PPA in the left and right hemispheres. When observers perceived the face, activity occurred in the FFA in the left hemisphere

72
Q

gestalt psychologists beliefs on experience in figure-ground segregation

A

built-in principles can override experience when determining figure-ground segregation

73
Q

what are examples of computer vision

A

autonomous vehicles, cell phones

74
Q

can computers accurately perceive scenes?

A

Computers are becoming more accurate, but they often fall short in identifying objects under degraded conditions

75
Q

critique of structuralism

A

Structuralism couldn’t explain apparent movement

76
Q

critique of gestalt approach

A

Gestalt psychologists’ emphasis on perceptual principles led them to minimize the role of a person’s past experiences in determining perception

77
Q

how does our brain infer where light is coming from?

A

using shadows

78
Q

ockham’s razor

A

the simplest explanation is the most likely

79
Q

prediction error signal

A

errors that occur when we perceive things differently than our predictions

80
Q

perceptual explanation for anxiety

A

Some psychologists believe prediction errors are the cause of some anxiety disorders

81
Q

who discovered the FFA

A

Nancy Kanwisher

82
Q

measuring brain activity in the FFA

A

Used fMRI to determine brain activity in response to pictures of faces and other objects, then subtracted the response to other objects from the response to faces

83
Q

Helmhotz’s Theory

A

viewed consciousness as an unconscious inference

84
Q

Huth et al., 2012 brain activation experiment

A

participants viewed 2 hours of film clips while in a brain scanner. They analyzed how brain areas were activated by different objects and actions in the films

PSYC 212 (11 decks)

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