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PSYC 212 > Chapter 1: Intro to Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Intro to Perception Flashcards

1
Q

perception

A

involves the higher brain functions that interpret events and objects

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2
Q

sensation

A

detecting simple elementary processes of a stimulus

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3
Q

The perceptual process

A

is made up of 7 steps, plus knowledge inside a person’s brain

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4
Q

3 major components of the perceptual process

A

Stimulus (steps 1&2)
Physiology (steps 3&4)
Behaviour (steps 5-7)

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5
Q

distal stimulus

A

the stimulus that the person is observing in the distance

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6
Q

proximal stimulus

A

representation of the stimulus on the receptors. In other words, the stimulus is “in proximity” to the receptors

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7
Q

principle of transformation

A

stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed between the distal stimulus and receptor

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8
Q

principle of representation

A

everything a person perceives is based on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and the resulting activity of the person’s nervous system

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9
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized receptors that respond to environmental energy with each sensory system’s receptors specialiZed to respond to a specific type of energy

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10
Q

transduction

A

the transformation of environmental energy to electrical energy

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11
Q

neural processing

A

the changes in signals that occur as they are transmitted through a network of interconnected neurons

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12
Q

primary receiving area

A

receives the electrical signals created through transduction

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

a 2 mm thick layer that contains the machinery for creating perceptions

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14
Q

occipital lobe

A

contains the primary receiving area for vision

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15
Q

temporal lobe

A

contains the primary receiving area for hearing

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16
Q

parietal lobe

A

contains the primary receiving area for touch, temperature, and pain

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17
Q

frontal lobe

A

receives signals from all of the senses and plays an important role in perceptions that involve the coordination of information between 2 or more senses

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18
Q

recognition

A

placing an object in a category and giving it meaning

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19
Q

visual form agnosia

A

an inability to recognize objects

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20
Q

action

A

involves motor activities in response ot the stimulus

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21
Q

knowledge

A

any information that the perceiver brings to a situation

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22
Q

rat-man demonstration takeaway

A

shows how recently acquired knowledge can influence perception

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23
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors

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24
Q

Top-down processing

A

processing based on knowledge

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25
Q

oblique effect

A

people see vertical or horizontal lines better than lines oriented obliquely (any orientation other than vertical or horizontal)

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26
Q

3 relationships of the perceptual process

A

Stimulus-behaviour, stimulus-physiology, physiology-behaviour

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27
Q

Relationship A

A

stimulus- behaviour/perception relationship: relates stimuli to behavioural responses

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28
Q

psychophysics

A

measures the relationship between the physical and the psychological

29
Q

Relationship B

A

stimulus-physiology relationship: relates stimuli and physiological responses

30
Q

Relationship C

A

physiology-behaviour/perception relationship: relates physiological responses and behavioural responses

31
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest stimulus level that can just be detected

32
Q

threshold

A

measure the limits of sensory systems

33
Q

The classic psychophysical methods

A

3 methods developed by Fechner for measuring the threshold: the method of limits, constant stimuli, and adjustment

34
Q

the method of limits

A

the experimenter presents a stimuli in either ascending or descending order and the threshold is determined by calculating the average of all the crossover points

35
Q

the method of constant stimuli

A

different stimulus intensities are presented in a random order and the threshold is defined as the intensity that results in detection on 50% of trials

36
Q

the method of adjustment

A

the participant adjusts the stimulus intensity continuously until they can barely detect the stimulus and the threshold is determined by asking about the average setting

37
Q

most accurate classic psychophysical method

A

method of constant stimuli

38
Q

difference threshold

A

the smallest difference between two stimuli that enables us to tell them apart

39
Q

magnetic estimation

A

the experimenter presents a standard stimulus. The participant then hears sounds of different intensities and is asked to number them in a way that is proportional to the loudness of the original sound. Thus, the participant gives a number for loudness which is the perceived magnitude of the stimulus

40
Q

recognition testing

A

measuring the process of categorization through a variety of different perceptual experiements

41
Q

reaction time

A

the time between the presentation of a stimulus and a person’s reaction to it

42
Q

phenomenological report

A

describing the things around you

43
Q

physical tasks and judgements

A

research involving perception and subsequent action

44
Q

why is it important to distinguish b/n physical and perceptual stimuli

A

because there is not a one-to-one relationship between the physical intensity of a stimulus and our perceptual response to it

45
Q

electromagnetic spectrum

A

a band of energy ranging from gamma rays at the short-wave end of the spectrum to radio waves at the long-wave end

46
Q

consciousness

A

our subjective experiences that stem from our perception

47
Q

the hard problem of consciousness

A

How does the processing of stimuli through the activation of sensory receptors lead to perception?

48
Q

step 1 of the perceptual process

A

stimulus in the environment: information about the distal stimulus is carried by light

49
Q

step 2 of the perceptual process

A

Light is reflected and focused: the light is transformed into a proximal stimulus

50
Q

step 3 of the perceptual process

A

Receptor processes: specialized sensory receptors respond to environmental energy, resulting in an electrical representation

51
Q

step 4 of the perceptual process

A

Neural processing: changes occur as signals are transmitted through the maze of neurons

52
Q

steps 5-7 of the perceptual process

A

Behavioural responses (perception, recognition, action): electrical signals are transformed into conscious experience

53
Q

Materialism

A

there is only one reality & it is physical

54
Q

Dualism

A

there is both a physical & mental reality. Our perceptions & thoughts are mental but everything else is physical

55
Q

how is relationship A demonstrated by the oblique effect?

A

The oblique effect was demonstrated using grating acuity (the smallest width of lines that participants can detect)

56
Q

how is relationship B demonstrated by the oblique effect?

A

The oblique effect was demonstrated using optical brain imaging; horizontal and vertical orientations caused larger brain responses

57
Q

how is relationship C demonstrated by the oblique effect?

A

The oblique effect was demonstrated by measuring the brain response and behavioural sensitivity in the same participants. Behavioural measurements were made by decreasing the intensity difference between the light and dark, while the physiological response was measured using fMRI

58
Q

weber

A

there is a constant difference threshold for different types of stimuli (you have to add _% of the original stimuli so that the difference is detectable)

59
Q

different threshold constant for electrical shock

A

1%

60
Q

different threshold constant for lifted weight

A

2%

61
Q

different threshold constant for sound intensity

A

4%

62
Q

different threshold constant for light intensity

A

8%

63
Q

different threshold constant for taste

A

8%

64
Q

Magnitude estimation and power function

A

the function of stimulus intensity and magnitude estimate

65
Q

magnitude estimation for brightness

A

Brightness levels off after a while because it becomes so intense that you can no longer detect subsequent increases

66
Q

magnitude estimation for line length

A

Line length continues increasing linearly

67
Q

magnitude estimation for electric shock

A

Electric shock increases exponentially

68
Q

difference threshold for dangerous stimuli

A

Things that are dangerous have a lower threshold for survival purposes

PSYC 212 (11 decks)

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