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PSYC 212 > Chapter 12: Hearing and the Environment > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Hearing and the Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Auditory space

A

sounds at different locations all around

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2
Q

auditory localization

A

the locating of sound sources in auditory space

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3
Q

location cues

A

cues created by the way sound interacts with the listener’s head and ears

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4
Q

two types of location cues

A

binaural and spectral cues

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5
Q

3 coordinates of auditory space

A

azimuth, elevation, and distance (AED)

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6
Q

azimuth

A

extends from left to right

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7
Q

elevation

A

extends up and down

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8
Q

distance

A

how far the sound is from the listener

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9
Q

binaural cues

A

Use information reaching both ears to determine the azimuth of sounds

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10
Q

two types of binaural cues

A

interaural level difference and interaural time difference

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11
Q

Interaural level differences (ILD)

A

based on the difference in the sound pressure level of the sounds reaching the two ears

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12
Q

acoustic shadow

A

reduces the intensity of sounds that reach the far ear

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13
Q

why does interaural level difference occur

A

the head creates an acoustic shadow

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14
Q

what frequencies does ILD occur for?

A

high-frequency sounds

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15
Q

Interaural time difference (ITD)

A

the time difference between when a sound reaches the left ear and when it reaches the right ear

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16
Q

ITD if the sound is in front of the listener

A

ITD= 0

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17
Q

when is ITD larger

A

when sounds are located more to the side

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18
Q

what frequencies for ITD occur for?

A

low-frequency sounds

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19
Q

what binaural cue is more dominant?

A

ITD

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20
Q

cone of confusion

A

a surface in the shape of a cone that extends out from the ear. Sounds originating from different locations on this surface all have the same interaural level difference and interaural time difference, so location information provided by these cues is ambiguous

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21
Q

spectral cues

A

cues in which information for localization is contained in differences in the distribution of frequencies that reach each ear from different locations

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22
Q

why do spectral cues occur?

A

because before the sound enters the auditory canal, it is reflected from the head and within the various folds of the pinnae

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23
Q

what frequencies do spectral cues occur for?

A

high-frequency spectra

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24
Q

how are different patterns of frequencies created?

A

Differences in the way sounds bounce around within the pinna

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25
Q

moulding the pinnae

A

makes it difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate

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26
Q

localization performance while wearing a mould overtime

A

improves until day 19, when participants had learned over time to associate new spectral cues to different directions of space

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27
Q

what happens when moulds on the pinna are removed?

A

they still had excellent localization (both sets of spectral cues remained intact

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28
Q

The Jeffress Neural Coincidence Model

A

Proposes that neurons are wired so that they received signals from the two ears

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29
Q

Coincidence detectors

A

only fire when both signals coincide by arriving at the neurons simultaneously

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30
Q

what happens when the sound source is directly in front of the listener according to the Jeffress model?

A

the sound reaches the left and right ears simultaneously and signals from the left and right ears reach the coincidence detector

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31
Q

ITD detectors

A

fire best to a particular ITD

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32
Q

what happens when the sound source is to one side according to the Jeffress model?

A

that ear receives the signal first, giving its signal a head start and causing the corresponding ITD detector to fire

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33
Q

ITD tuning curves

A

plot the neuron’s firing rate against ITD

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34
Q

neurological basis of binaural localization in birds

A

based on sharply tuned neurons

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35
Q

coding in birds’ binaural localization

A

Type of place code because the ITD is indicated by the firing of neurons at a specific place in the nervous system

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36
Q

neurological basis of binaural localization in mammals

A

based on broadly tuned neurons

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37
Q

coding in mammals’ binaural localization

A

Type of population code because the ITD is determined by the firing of many broadly tuned neurons working together

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38
Q

Neff et al., 1956 A1 and localization experiment

A

placed cats in between two boxes and rewarded them if they approached the sound of the buzzer located behind one of the boxes. This task wasn’t possible for those with lesioned auditory areas, demonstrating that an intact auditory cortex is necessary for accurate localization

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39
Q

Nodal et al., 2010 A1 and localization experiment

A

showed that lesioning the primary auditory cortex in ferrets decreased, but didn’t eliminate their ability to localize sounds

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40
Q

Malhotra & Lumber, 2007 A1 and localization experiment

A

showed that cooling the auditory cortex resulted in decreased localization ability

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41
Q

Anterior belt area

A

involved in perceiving complex sounds and patterns of sound

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42
Q

posterior belt area

A

involved in localizing sounds

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43
Q

what auditory pathway

A

Associated with perceiving sounds

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44
Q

location of what auditory pathway

A

Extends from the anterior belt to the front of the temporal lobe, then to the frontal cortex

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45
Q

where auditory pathway

A

Associated with localizing sounds

46
Q

location of where auditory pathway

A

starts in the posterior core and belt and extends to the parietal and prefrontal cortices

47
Q

direct sound

A

sound that reaches the ears directly

48
Q

indirect sound

A

sound that reaches the ears after bouncing off the walls, ceiling, and floors

49
Q

hearing outside is based on __

A

direct sound

50
Q

hearing inside is based on ___

A

direct and indirect sound

51
Q

lead speaker

A

the actual sound source

52
Q

lag speaker

A

a single sound reflection

53
Q

precedence effect

A

when a single sound appears to originate from near the lead speaker because we perceive the sound as coming from near the source that reaches our ears first

54
Q

architectural acoustics

A

the study of how sounds are reflected in rooms

55
Q

architectural acoustics are largely connected with ___

A

indirect sound changes in the quality of the sounds we hear in rooms

56
Q

main factors affecting indirect sound

A
  • Size of the room
  • The amount of sound absorbed by the walls, ceiling, and floor
57
Q

absorption vs. indirect sound

A

More sound absorbed= little indirect sound

58
Q

reverberation time

A

the time it takes for sound to decrease to 1/1000th of its original pressure

59
Q

long reverberation time

A

sounds become muddled

60
Q

short reverberation time

A

sound becomes dead

61
Q

ideal reverberation time

A

2 seconds, but 1.5 for opera houses

62
Q

intimacy time

A

the time between when sound arrives directly from the stage and when the first reflection arrives

63
Q

bass ratio

A

the ratio of low frequencies to middle frequencies that are reflected from walls and other surfaces

64
Q

spaciousness factor

A

the fraction of all of the sound received by a listener that is indirect sound

65
Q

ideal dimensions for acoustics

A

intimacy times of 20 msec and high bass ratios and spaciousness factors were associated with good acoustics

66
Q

auditory scene

A

the array of sound sources at different locations in the environment

67
Q

auditory scene analysis (ASA)

A

the process by which the stimuli produced by each source are separated

68
Q

auditory stream segregation

A

the perception of a string of sounds as belonging together

69
Q

simultaneous grouping

A

grouping that occurs at the same time

70
Q

factors that affect simultaneous grouping

A
  • location
  • onset synchrony
  • timbre
  • pitch
  • harmonicity
71
Q

simultaneous grouping and location

A

when two sounds are separated in space, location helps us to separate them perceptually. When a source moves, it typically follows a continuous path

72
Q

simultaneous grouping and onset synchrony

A

if sounds start at different times, they likely came from different sources

73
Q

simultaneous grouping and timbre and pitch

A

sounds with the same timbre or pitch range are often produced by the same source

74
Q

harmonicity

A

when we hear a harmonic series, we infer it came from a single source

75
Q

sequential grouping

A

grouping that occurs as sounds follow one another in time

76
Q

factors that affect sequential grouping

A
  • similarity of pitch
  • auditory continuity
  • experience
77
Q

sequential grouping and similarity of pitch

A

sounds produced by the same source are usually similar in pitch

78
Q

sequential grouping and auditory continuity

A

sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are often produced by the same sound source

79
Q

sequential grouping and experience

A

past experience influences grouping

80
Q

Deutsch’s scale illusion/ melodic channelling

A

an illusion that occurs when successive notes of a scale are presented alternately to the left and right ears. Even though each ear receives notes that jump up and down in frequency, smoothly ascending or descending scales are heard in each ear

81
Q

memory schema

A

a representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a person’s memory

82
Q

main similarity between auditory and visual perception

A

they both depend on guesses

83
Q

perceptual grouping

A

putting parts together into a whole

84
Q

how do tones with the same frequency activate the hair cells?

A

in the same way regardless of where they are coming from

85
Q

where can people localize sounds most accurately

A

directly in front of them

86
Q

where can people localize sounds least accurately?

A

to the sides and behind their heads

87
Q

location cues in hearing vs. vision

A

Location cues are not contained in the receptor cells like on the retina in vision. Thus, the location of sounds must be calculated

88
Q

are ILD & ITD effective for judging elevation?

A

ILD and ITD are not effective for judgments on elevation, since in many locations they may be zero

89
Q

what do experiments on moulding the pinnae suggest?

A

that there might be two different sets of neurons: one for each set of cues

90
Q

where are coincidence detectors located?

A

in the inferior colliculus

91
Q

what is the mechanism behind ITD detectors?

A

place coding

92
Q

when do broadly tuned neurons respond in the right hemisphere?

A

when sound is coming from the left

93
Q

when do broadly tuned neurons respond in the left hemisphere?

A

when sound is coming from the right

94
Q

a1 function

A

locating sound

95
Q

What findings support the existence of the what and where auditory pathways?

A

Evidence from neural recordings, brain damage, and brain scanning

96
Q

what’s the main factor that affects perception in concert halls?

A

reverberation time

97
Q

what factors affect perception in concert halls?

A
  • reverberation time
  • intimacy time
  • bass ratio
  • spaciousness factor
98
Q

does auditory scene analysis happen in the cochlea?

A

no, it doesn’t happen at the cochlea since simultaneous sounds are together in the pattern of vibration of the basilar membrane

99
Q

heuristics

A

help perceptually organize stimuli

100
Q

example of auditory scene segregation

A

a compound melodic line

101
Q

Bregman & Campbell’s experiment

A
  • Stimuli were in alternating high and low tones
  • When stimuli are played slowly, the perception is hearing high and low tones alternating
  • When the stimuli are played quickly, the listener hears two streams: one high & one low
102
Q

perceptual heuristic

A

sounds with the same frequency come from the same source, which is usually true in the environment

103
Q

proximity in time

A

sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source

104
Q

how was proximity in time illustrated

A

in auditory streaming

105
Q

Warren et al. experiment

A
  • Tones were presented and interrupted by gaps of silence or noise
  • In the silence condition, listeners perceive that the sound stopped during the gaps
  • In the noise condition, the perception was that the sound continued behind the noise
106
Q

Dowling experience and perception experiment

A
  • The melody “Three Blind Mice” is played with notes alternating between octaves
  • Listeners found it difficult to identify the song
  • However, after they hear the normal melody, they can hear it in the modified version using the melody schema
  • Demonstrates the effect of past experience on auditory perception
107
Q

Visual capture/ the ventriloquist effect:

A

an observer perceives the sound as coming from the visual location rather than the source of the sound

108
Q

two-flash illusion

A

had participants look at a screen with a stagnant light and asked them if it was flashing. If you simultaneously make them hear two beeps, they perceive two flashes.

109
Q

what senses does the interaction between vision and hearing occur in?

A

it’s multisensory

110
Q

Thaler et al., 2011

A

used expert blind echolocators to create clicking sounds and observed these signals activated the brain

PSYC 212 (11 decks)

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