Chapter 5 Part 1

Question 1

4 types of Macromolecules

Answer 1

1) Sugar/ Carbohydrates
2) Lipid/ Fats
3) Protein
4) Nucleic Acid

Question 2

Macromolecules

Answer 2

• complex in their structure and are large molecules composed of smaller molecules
• polymers, built from monomers
• another level in the hierarchy of biological organization is reached when small organic molecules are joined together

Question 3

3 classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers

Answer 3

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic Acids

Question 4

Polymer

Answer 4

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

Question 5

Monomers

Answer 5

form larger molecules by condensation or dehydration reactions

Question 6

Condensation/ dehydration reactions

Answer 6

remove water molecule to form a new bond

Question 7

Hydrolysis

Answer 7

chemical reaction that uses a water molecule to break chemical bonds

Question 8

Each class of polymer …

Answer 8

• is formed from a specific set of monomers

- variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers

Question 9

Carbohydrates

Answer 9

functions: fuel and building material (structural or supportive way)

Question 10

Monosaccharides

Answer 10

simplest sugars and contain a carbonyl group

• can be used for fuel or converted into other organic molecules
• are classified as aldoses or ketoses
• can be combined into polymers
• formulas are multiples of CH2O

i.e. glucose

Question 11

Glucose

Answer 11

• simple sugar

- can be used to synthesize many other things

Question 12

each organism is unique

Answer 12

Based on the arrangement of monomers into polymers

Question 13

Monosaccharide structures

Answer 13

• can be represented in a linear or ring structure
• forms ring in aqueous environments
• monosaccharides with 5 or more C occur predominately at cyclic structures through covalent bonding of the carbonyl carbon and oxygen of a hydroxyl group

Question 14

Disaccharide

Answer 14

consists of 2 monosaccharides that are joined by a glycosidic linkage

i. e. maltose is formed from 2 glucose (a1-4 bond)
i. e. sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose (a1-2 bond)

Question 15

Polysaccharide

Answer 15

• polymers of sugars

- serve many functional roles in organisms

Question 16

Starch

Answer 16

• alpha 1-4 linkage
• polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers
• is the major storage form of glucose in plants
• good energy form

Question 17

Amylose

Answer 17

• simplest form of starch

- unbranched and forms a helix

Question 18

Amylopectin

Answer 18

• branched forms of starch

- more complex

Question 19

Cellulose

Answer 19

• beta 1-4 linkage
• polymer of glucose
• major component of plant cell walls
• structural sugar (provides support)

Question 20

Glycogen

Answer 20

• either branched or unbranched polymers
• consist entirely of glucose monomers
• major storage form of glucose animals (enriched in the liver)

Question 21

Cellulose and digestion

Answer 21

humans: cellulose difficult to digest because we don’t have the enzymes to digest the beta 1-4 linkages

Question 22

Organisms that do break down cellulose

Answer 22

rumiments

Question 23

Cellulase

Answer 23

enzyme used to break down cellulose

Question 24

Chitin

Answer 24

• structural polysaccharide that contains Nitrogen side chains
• found in exoskeleton of arthropods
• can be synthetically generated and used as surgical thread

Question 25

Lipids

Answer 25

• hydrophobic molecules

- consist of hydrocarbons and non polar covalent bonds

Question 26

Fats

Answer 26

lipid molecules that are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids

Question 27

Glycerol

Answer 27

three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl attached to carbon

Question 28

Fatty acids

Answer 28

consist of a carboxyl group attached to a long hydrocarbon skeleton that vary in the length, number,r and locations of double bonds

Question 29

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 29

• maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible bound to their carbons
• no double bonds
• hydrophobic

Question 30

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 30

• one or more double bonds
• not all C are completely bound to hydrogens
• are “kinked” around their double bond
• can be cis- or trans-
• prevent molecules from compacting
• tend to be liquid at room temp

Question 31

Phospholipids

Answer 31

• have only two fatty acids and a phosphate group
• consist of a hydrophilic “head” and hydrophobic “tail” (hydrocarbons)
• Function: biological membranes

Question 32

Structure of Phospholipids

Answer 32

results in one portion of the molecule that interacts with water and a region that avoids water

Question 33

Phospholipids in aqueous solutions

Answer 33

• form a self-assembled bilayer

- an arrangement found in cell membranes

Question 34

Steroids

Answer 34

• lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings and may also contain different functional groups
• attachment of specific functional groups confer functional specificity

Question 35

Cholesterol

Answer 35

a steroid found in cell membranes and is a precursor for some hormones
i.e. testosterone and estradiol

Question 36

Proteins

Answer 36

have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

Question 37

Enzymatic Proteins

Answer 37

Function: selective acceleration of chemical reactions
- i.e. lysozyme, cellulase

i.e. digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of the polymers in food

Question 38

Structural Proteins

Answer 38

Function: support
i.e. sugar

i.e. insects and spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs

Question 39

Receptor Proteins

Answer 39

Function: response of cell to chemical
- found on surface of cells

i.e. receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells

Question 40

Enzymes

Answer 40

• a catalyst
• accelerates/ speeds up chemical reactions without themselves being consumed
• can be proteins
• “molecular motors” that perform cellular work
  1) highly specific
  2) accelerate chemical reactions
  3) are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze

Question 41

Protein Structure

Answer 41

structurally complex molecules known, exhibit a specific 3-D structure or conformation, and may consist of one or more polypeptides

Question 42

Polypeptides

Answer 42

polymers that are constructed from the 20 aa monomers

Question 43

Amino Acids

Answer 43

organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups

- differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called “R” groups or functional groups